NURS 611 Exam 1 Master Set 2026
with correct verified VERIFIED
ANSWERs
Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus - VERIFIED ANSWERSwelling commonly seen after traumatic brain injury
(TBI) can lead to dangerous increases in intracranial pressure. This increase can push on the pituitary
leading to decreased ADH secretion = polyuria.
Parasympathetic Nervous System - VERIFIED ANSWERMediated by acetylcholine; controls rest and
digest; conserves energy and the body's resources; controls everyday metabolism
Sympathetic Nervous System - VERIFIED ANSWERMediated by catecholamines (epi and norepi);
prepares the body for fight or flight; mobilizes energy stores --> releases insulin; redistributes blood flow
- increased to muscles, decreased to GI/integumentary
Focal brain injury - VERIFIED ANSWERSpecific lesions that are observable on imaging; epidural or
subdural hemorrhage
Diffuse brain injury - VERIFIED ANSWERInjuries involving widespread areas of the brain; may be difficult
to detect and define because damage is often microscopic; hypoxia is the number 1 cause; other causes
include meningitis or encephalitis
Autonomic Dysreflexia (below the lesion) - VERIFIED ANSWERFaulty control of sweating because the
hypothalmus is unable to regulate body heat due to SNS damage; pale, cool skin
Autonomic Dysreflexia (general) - VERIFIED ANSWERA complication occurring in a person who has a
spinal cord injury above T6
,Autonomic Dysreflexia (above the lesion) - VERIFIED ANSWERParoxysmal hypertension (up to 300 mmHg
systolic), piloerection, and sweating with flushing of the skin; headache, bradycardia
Delirium - VERIFIED ANSWERAcute onset, short duration; often associated with UTI, resolves with
treatment; attention and orientation are impaired; patient can be agitated, disorganized, and have
hallucinations
Dementia - VERIFIED ANSWERUsually insidious with chronic slow decline; attention and orientation are
often intact early in the progression; no overt behavioral signs early
Alzheimer Disease - VERIFIED ANSWERLeading cause of dementia; greatest risk factors are age and
family history; specific diagnosis is made by postmortem examination
Stroke (incidence) - VERIFIED ANSWERTwo times higher in blacks than whites; tends to run in families;
most common are ischemic
Stroke (Risk Factors) - VERIFIED ANSWERHypertension, Insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, High
total cholesterol or low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, elevated lipoprotein-A level,
Heart disease and peripheral vascular disease, Polycythemia and thrombocythemia, Atrial fibrillation,
Postmenopausal hormone therapy, High sodium intake, >2300 mg; low potassium intake, <4700 mg,
Smoking, Physical inactivity, Obesity BMI >30, Chronic sleep deprivation
Right-sided homonymous hemianopsia - VERIFIED ANSWERVisual field loss to the side of the vertical
midline. In this case left-sided peripheral vision will be intact, but right side is lost
Middle cerebral artery stroke s/s - VERIFIED ANSWERContralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia (upper
extremities greater than lower); expressive disorder with anomia (inability to name objects); nonfluent
aphasia, comprehension defects; Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Guillain-Barre - VERIFIED ANSWERAn autoimmune disease that is preceded by an infection; with the
outbreak of Zika, there has been an increase in cases; weakness plateaus around week 4 in most cases
and strength can be regained
Guillain-Barre (picture) - VERIFIED ANSWER
,Multiple Sclerosis - VERIFIED ANSWERChronic inflammatory disease involving degeneration of myelin;
there is usually a clinically isolated syndrome with a single episode of neurologic dysfunction (often
follows pregnancy)
Multiple Sclerosis (Clinical manifestations) - VERIFIED ANSWERInitially 90% of patients present with
relapsing/remitting course that progresses over 10-20 years; 10% present with primary progressive
course; once walking problems develop, disease progression occurs quickly.
Multiple Sclerosis (Picture) - VERIFIED ANSWER
Myasthenia Gravis - VERIFIED ANSWERA chronic autoimmune disease mediated by acetylcholine
receptor antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junctions
Myasthenia Gravis (Clinical Manifestations) - VERIFIED ANSWERExertional fatigue that improves with
rest; history of recurrent respiratory infections; diplopia, ptosis, and ocular palsies; facial droop, flat
affect; difficulty chewing and swallowing
Parkinson's Disease (characteristic appearance) - VERIFIED ANSWERResting tremor, pill-rolling tremors,
bradykinesia/akinesia (poverty of movement), rigidity. A wide-eyed, unblinking, staring expression;
shuffling steps; arms flexed, held stiffly at the side; trunk is bent forward
Acute Pain - VERIFIED ANSWERTransient, sudden onset; Clinical signs: Increased pulse rate, elevated
blood pressure, increased respiratory rate, diaphoresis, dilated pupils
Chronic Pain - VERIFIED ANSWERProlonged and persistent; few overt s/s due to adaptation; most
common form is persistent low back pain
Glaucoma - VERIFIED ANSWERLeading cause of visual impairment and blindness; family history is a risk
factor; increased introcular pressure causes optic nerve degeneration
Open-angle Glaucoma - VERIFIED ANSWERMost common; obstruction is in the aqueous flow
, Closed-angle Glaucoma - VERIFIED ANSWERThe iris pushes into the lens, blocking aqueous flow
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation - VERIFIED ANSWEREdema, warmth, redness, and pain
Edema - VERIFIED ANSWERVasodilation causes slower blood velocity which increases local blood flow;
increased flow and capillary permeability result in leakage of plasma and swelling
Warmth and redness - VERIFIED ANSWERIncreased concentration of RBC at the site of inflammation;
chemotactic factor effects the inflammatory response by directing leukocytes to the inflamed area
Pain - VERIFIED ANSWERPhysiologic response that allows us to know when damage is done
Inflammatory response - VERIFIED ANSWEROne main purpose is to prevent infection of the injured
tissue
Phagocytosis - VERIFIED ANSWEROpsonization, engulfment, fusion with lysosomal granules, destruction
of the target
Opsonization - VERIFIED ANSWERPhagocytes recognize the target and adhere to it
Resolution - VERIFIED ANSWERWhen cellular damage occurs and it is minor with no significant
complications; it is possible for the injured tissues to return to normal structure and function
Humoral immunity - VERIFIED ANSWERMediated by B-lymphocytes; works in the bodily fluids before an
infectious agent has entered the cell; antibody circulates in the blood and binds to antigens on
infectious agents
Cellular Immunity - VERIFIED ANSWERT cells differentiate during an immune response and develop the
ability to react directly with antigens on infectious agents
Types of T cells - VERIFIED ANSWERSome stimulate other leukocytes through contact or through
cytokine secretion; others develop into T-cytotoxic cells that kill targets
with correct verified VERIFIED
ANSWERs
Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus - VERIFIED ANSWERSwelling commonly seen after traumatic brain injury
(TBI) can lead to dangerous increases in intracranial pressure. This increase can push on the pituitary
leading to decreased ADH secretion = polyuria.
Parasympathetic Nervous System - VERIFIED ANSWERMediated by acetylcholine; controls rest and
digest; conserves energy and the body's resources; controls everyday metabolism
Sympathetic Nervous System - VERIFIED ANSWERMediated by catecholamines (epi and norepi);
prepares the body for fight or flight; mobilizes energy stores --> releases insulin; redistributes blood flow
- increased to muscles, decreased to GI/integumentary
Focal brain injury - VERIFIED ANSWERSpecific lesions that are observable on imaging; epidural or
subdural hemorrhage
Diffuse brain injury - VERIFIED ANSWERInjuries involving widespread areas of the brain; may be difficult
to detect and define because damage is often microscopic; hypoxia is the number 1 cause; other causes
include meningitis or encephalitis
Autonomic Dysreflexia (below the lesion) - VERIFIED ANSWERFaulty control of sweating because the
hypothalmus is unable to regulate body heat due to SNS damage; pale, cool skin
Autonomic Dysreflexia (general) - VERIFIED ANSWERA complication occurring in a person who has a
spinal cord injury above T6
,Autonomic Dysreflexia (above the lesion) - VERIFIED ANSWERParoxysmal hypertension (up to 300 mmHg
systolic), piloerection, and sweating with flushing of the skin; headache, bradycardia
Delirium - VERIFIED ANSWERAcute onset, short duration; often associated with UTI, resolves with
treatment; attention and orientation are impaired; patient can be agitated, disorganized, and have
hallucinations
Dementia - VERIFIED ANSWERUsually insidious with chronic slow decline; attention and orientation are
often intact early in the progression; no overt behavioral signs early
Alzheimer Disease - VERIFIED ANSWERLeading cause of dementia; greatest risk factors are age and
family history; specific diagnosis is made by postmortem examination
Stroke (incidence) - VERIFIED ANSWERTwo times higher in blacks than whites; tends to run in families;
most common are ischemic
Stroke (Risk Factors) - VERIFIED ANSWERHypertension, Insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, High
total cholesterol or low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, elevated lipoprotein-A level,
Heart disease and peripheral vascular disease, Polycythemia and thrombocythemia, Atrial fibrillation,
Postmenopausal hormone therapy, High sodium intake, >2300 mg; low potassium intake, <4700 mg,
Smoking, Physical inactivity, Obesity BMI >30, Chronic sleep deprivation
Right-sided homonymous hemianopsia - VERIFIED ANSWERVisual field loss to the side of the vertical
midline. In this case left-sided peripheral vision will be intact, but right side is lost
Middle cerebral artery stroke s/s - VERIFIED ANSWERContralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia (upper
extremities greater than lower); expressive disorder with anomia (inability to name objects); nonfluent
aphasia, comprehension defects; Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Guillain-Barre - VERIFIED ANSWERAn autoimmune disease that is preceded by an infection; with the
outbreak of Zika, there has been an increase in cases; weakness plateaus around week 4 in most cases
and strength can be regained
Guillain-Barre (picture) - VERIFIED ANSWER
,Multiple Sclerosis - VERIFIED ANSWERChronic inflammatory disease involving degeneration of myelin;
there is usually a clinically isolated syndrome with a single episode of neurologic dysfunction (often
follows pregnancy)
Multiple Sclerosis (Clinical manifestations) - VERIFIED ANSWERInitially 90% of patients present with
relapsing/remitting course that progresses over 10-20 years; 10% present with primary progressive
course; once walking problems develop, disease progression occurs quickly.
Multiple Sclerosis (Picture) - VERIFIED ANSWER
Myasthenia Gravis - VERIFIED ANSWERA chronic autoimmune disease mediated by acetylcholine
receptor antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junctions
Myasthenia Gravis (Clinical Manifestations) - VERIFIED ANSWERExertional fatigue that improves with
rest; history of recurrent respiratory infections; diplopia, ptosis, and ocular palsies; facial droop, flat
affect; difficulty chewing and swallowing
Parkinson's Disease (characteristic appearance) - VERIFIED ANSWERResting tremor, pill-rolling tremors,
bradykinesia/akinesia (poverty of movement), rigidity. A wide-eyed, unblinking, staring expression;
shuffling steps; arms flexed, held stiffly at the side; trunk is bent forward
Acute Pain - VERIFIED ANSWERTransient, sudden onset; Clinical signs: Increased pulse rate, elevated
blood pressure, increased respiratory rate, diaphoresis, dilated pupils
Chronic Pain - VERIFIED ANSWERProlonged and persistent; few overt s/s due to adaptation; most
common form is persistent low back pain
Glaucoma - VERIFIED ANSWERLeading cause of visual impairment and blindness; family history is a risk
factor; increased introcular pressure causes optic nerve degeneration
Open-angle Glaucoma - VERIFIED ANSWERMost common; obstruction is in the aqueous flow
, Closed-angle Glaucoma - VERIFIED ANSWERThe iris pushes into the lens, blocking aqueous flow
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation - VERIFIED ANSWEREdema, warmth, redness, and pain
Edema - VERIFIED ANSWERVasodilation causes slower blood velocity which increases local blood flow;
increased flow and capillary permeability result in leakage of plasma and swelling
Warmth and redness - VERIFIED ANSWERIncreased concentration of RBC at the site of inflammation;
chemotactic factor effects the inflammatory response by directing leukocytes to the inflamed area
Pain - VERIFIED ANSWERPhysiologic response that allows us to know when damage is done
Inflammatory response - VERIFIED ANSWEROne main purpose is to prevent infection of the injured
tissue
Phagocytosis - VERIFIED ANSWEROpsonization, engulfment, fusion with lysosomal granules, destruction
of the target
Opsonization - VERIFIED ANSWERPhagocytes recognize the target and adhere to it
Resolution - VERIFIED ANSWERWhen cellular damage occurs and it is minor with no significant
complications; it is possible for the injured tissues to return to normal structure and function
Humoral immunity - VERIFIED ANSWERMediated by B-lymphocytes; works in the bodily fluids before an
infectious agent has entered the cell; antibody circulates in the blood and binds to antigens on
infectious agents
Cellular Immunity - VERIFIED ANSWERT cells differentiate during an immune response and develop the
ability to react directly with antigens on infectious agents
Types of T cells - VERIFIED ANSWERSome stimulate other leukocytes through contact or through
cytokine secretion; others develop into T-cytotoxic cells that kill targets
