Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 4 Study Guide
Questions With Questions With Complete
Solutions
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome - Answer-A syndrome caused by autoantibodies that
inhibit the function of presynaptic calcium channels, leading to decreased release
of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft
Lambert-Eaton - Clinical Manifestations - Answer-*Strong link to lung cancer
*Muscle weakness that IMPROVES with repetitive stimulation
*Do not respond to cholinesterase inhibitors
Spinal cord trauma - patho - Answer-*Microscopic hemorrhages in central grey
matter
*Axonal edema in white matter --> ischemia --> injury and degeneration
*Release inflammatory mediators -->necrosis and scar tissue formation
*Injury is maximal at injury site and two cord segments above and below it
,Etiology of Hydrocephalus - Answer-*Impaired flow due to CSF obstruction
(noncommunicating - enlargement of a portion of the ventricles)
*Impaired resorption of CSF (communicating - enlargement of entire ventricular
system)
*Overproduction of CSF (tumors of choroid plexus)
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - Answer-Complete loss of dystrophin. Most
common and severe.
Becker muscular dystrophy - Answer-Decreased dystrophin and it is defective
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - Pathogenesis - Answer-Genetic defect of the
dystrophin gene Xp21 causes a complete loss of formation of dystrophin leading
to instability of muscle cells that are vulnerable to tears during contraction. Influx
of Ca+ causes degeneration of myofibers.
Dystrophin - Answer-A large protein that forms dystrophin-glycoprotein complex
that stabilizes muscle cells by anchoring the sarcomere to the sarcolemma.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - Clinical Manifestations - Answer-*S/s begin at 2-
5. Wheelchair by 7-12. Most dead by 21.
, *Muscle weakness beginning in pelvis and shoulder. Clumsy, unable to keep up
with peers.
*Pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles
*Cognitive impairments
*Lab findings: Increased CK,
Western blot shows absence of dystrophin
Becker Muscular Dystrophy - Pathogenesis - Answer-*Genetic defect on Xp21 that
diminishes the amount of dystrophin in defective form.
*Allows anchorage of muscle to cell membrane but impairs long term functions
Becker Muscular Dystrophy - Clinical Manifestations - Answer-*Manifests later in
childhood or adolescence and progresses more slowly with longer life expectancy
*Muscle weakness, cardiac muscle disease
*Western blot shows altered dystrophin size
Basal ganglia - Answer-Regulates voluntary mvmt and maintain posture. Initiation,
amplitude, and speed of mvmt.
Also important in cognition and emotion
Questions With Questions With Complete
Solutions
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome - Answer-A syndrome caused by autoantibodies that
inhibit the function of presynaptic calcium channels, leading to decreased release
of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft
Lambert-Eaton - Clinical Manifestations - Answer-*Strong link to lung cancer
*Muscle weakness that IMPROVES with repetitive stimulation
*Do not respond to cholinesterase inhibitors
Spinal cord trauma - patho - Answer-*Microscopic hemorrhages in central grey
matter
*Axonal edema in white matter --> ischemia --> injury and degeneration
*Release inflammatory mediators -->necrosis and scar tissue formation
*Injury is maximal at injury site and two cord segments above and below it
,Etiology of Hydrocephalus - Answer-*Impaired flow due to CSF obstruction
(noncommunicating - enlargement of a portion of the ventricles)
*Impaired resorption of CSF (communicating - enlargement of entire ventricular
system)
*Overproduction of CSF (tumors of choroid plexus)
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - Answer-Complete loss of dystrophin. Most
common and severe.
Becker muscular dystrophy - Answer-Decreased dystrophin and it is defective
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - Pathogenesis - Answer-Genetic defect of the
dystrophin gene Xp21 causes a complete loss of formation of dystrophin leading
to instability of muscle cells that are vulnerable to tears during contraction. Influx
of Ca+ causes degeneration of myofibers.
Dystrophin - Answer-A large protein that forms dystrophin-glycoprotein complex
that stabilizes muscle cells by anchoring the sarcomere to the sarcolemma.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - Clinical Manifestations - Answer-*S/s begin at 2-
5. Wheelchair by 7-12. Most dead by 21.
, *Muscle weakness beginning in pelvis and shoulder. Clumsy, unable to keep up
with peers.
*Pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles
*Cognitive impairments
*Lab findings: Increased CK,
Western blot shows absence of dystrophin
Becker Muscular Dystrophy - Pathogenesis - Answer-*Genetic defect on Xp21 that
diminishes the amount of dystrophin in defective form.
*Allows anchorage of muscle to cell membrane but impairs long term functions
Becker Muscular Dystrophy - Clinical Manifestations - Answer-*Manifests later in
childhood or adolescence and progresses more slowly with longer life expectancy
*Muscle weakness, cardiac muscle disease
*Western blot shows altered dystrophin size
Basal ganglia - Answer-Regulates voluntary mvmt and maintain posture. Initiation,
amplitude, and speed of mvmt.
Also important in cognition and emotion
