Patho Exam 4 - UT Tyler Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2026/2027

Patho Exam 4 - UT Tyler Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2026/2027 which kind of pain is caused by injury or malfunction of the nerves? - Answers neuropathic t/f: pain can occur with or without stimulation - Answers true what are pain receptors called? - Answers nociceptors which source of pain involves the skin? - Answers cutaneous which source of pain involves ligaments, tendons, bones and nerves? - Answers deep somatic which source of pain is from deep, internal organs? - Answers visceral which kind of pain is felt elsewhere in the body and makes visceral pain hard to localize? - Answers referred which kind off pain is felt in an absent extremity as if the extremity is still there? - Answers phantom limb which pain theory is described as larger diameter nerve fibers (touch, temp., pressure) overriding small diameter pain fibers? - Answers gate control theory ______ gate allows the transmission of pain fibers to ascend the spinal cord to the brain vs. ______ gate does not allow transmission - Answers open vs. closed massage and applying pressure are examples of what theory? - Answers gate control theory which theory explained phantom limb pain? - Answers neuromatrix theory which theory is described as predetermined, shaped by sensory impulses throughout ones life and includes a widely distributed neural network? - Answers neuromatrix theory characteristic patterns of input impressed on the brain - Answers neurosignature how does the neuromatrix theory explain phantom limb pain? - Answers the body's extremities are a part of the neurosignaure impressed on the body-self neuromatrix therefore after amputation, the brain still perceives the extremities and their pain bone grows and enlarges in this process where osteoblastic activity predominates - Answers modeling once the bone reaches maturity, breakdown and renewal is caused by osteoclasts in a process called? - Answers remodeling what determines skeletal mass and healing after injury? - Answers bone formation and reabsorption mature osteoblasts - Answers osteocytes after what age does osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity? - Answers 30 overstretching of a ligament with possible tear due to twisting or pulling of muscle - Answers sprain what is the most common site for sprains? - Answers ankle overstretching of tendons and muscle - Answers strain what are the most common sites for strains? - Answers lower back and hamstring due to muscle overuse any disruption complete or incomplete in the continuity of a bone - Answers fracture fracture where the bone protrudes outside of the body - Answers open/compound fracture where bone fragments separate completely, are not displaced and remain beneath the overlying tissue - Answers closed (complete) what is considered the most serious fracture? - Answers open/compound risk factors: - lacerating an artery/vein - hemorrhage - soft tissue injury - infection - Answers open/compound fracture surgical repair of a fracture? - Answers open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) fracture where fragments remain partially joined - Answers incomplete fracture fracture characterized as crossing of cancellous bone - Answers compression fracture fracture characterized as bone damage from repetitive activity - Answers stress fracture solid, dense bone - Answers cortical non-solid bone with inner meshwork making it porous; also called cancellous - Answers trabecular where are compression fractures most commonly seen? - Answers vertebral column where are stress fractures most common? - Answers foot, hands, hips, bones that are used the most fracture where bone is separated but close - Answers transverse more than one fracture line with shattered/crushed bone - Answers comminuted incomplete break but bone is intact - Answers greenstick separation of a small part of bone at site of attachment of ligament or tendon - Answers avulsion what prevents fatty emboli associated with long bone fractures? - Answers early stabilization what are 2 goals in. the treatment of fractures? - Answers reduction: alignment of bone and immobilization: prevents further tissue damage what constitutes a closed reduction? - Answers external fixation devices used outside the body for realignment what does RICE stand for? - Answers rest, ice, compression, elevation what is the first step in the bone healing process? - Answers hematoma develops and the inflammatory response is triggered what is the second step in the bone healing process? - Answers granulation tissue that is composed of new connective tissue and blood vessels forms what is the third step in the bone healing process? - Answers a callus forms and replaces the hematoma with new mineralized bone what is the fourth step in the bone healing process? - Answers the mesh-like callus is replaced with sheets of mineralized bone (lamellae) that is stronger what is the fifth step in the bone healing process? - Answers remodeling occurs and adequate strength is restored which complication of fracture is described as fat globules from bone marrow entering circulation? - Answers fat embolism which bone fracture are fat emboli most common after? - Answers pelvic and long bone fractures what complication of bone fractures can happen due to venous injury causing stasis of blood? - Answers DVT or pulmonary embolism (PE) which complication of bone fracture can be local or systemic and is most commonly caused by staph aureus? - Answers infection which bone fracture complication is described as swelling in a closed anatomical space due to bleeding that reduces arterial flow to tissue? - Answers compartment syndrome where is compartment syndrome usually seen? - Answers anterior (front) part of leg, shin s/s: - edema - pallor to area of edema - paaresthias in affected area and distally - weak distal pulses or pulselessness - cool to touch - Answers compartment syndrome how do you treat compartment syndrome? - Answers fasciotomy (surgical procedure where the fascia is cut to relieve tension or pressure to an area) which late complication to bone fractures is described as the bone healing in an unacceptable position? - Answers malunion which late complication to bone fractures is described as permanent failure of bone to heal? - Answers non-union which late complication to bone fractures is described as inadequately reduced intra-arthricular joint fractures leading to chronic pain? - Answers post traumatic arthritis which late complication to bone fractures is described as deterioration of bone due to lack of blood supply? - Answers avascular necrosis which fracture is found at the proximal end of the femur? - Answers hip fracture what is the most common cause of a hip fracture? - Answers osteoporosis what are the most common complication of hip fractures? - Answers non-union necrosis and avascular necrosis which fracture shortens the spine and may be due to fragility or osteoporosis? - Answers vertebral compression fracture why are fractures more commonly seen in women? - Answers because estrogen is essential to