Nursing 2030 Pulmonary, Pumonary Nurs 2030 X2, Nurs
2030 Lungs X3- Questions and Answers
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Terms in this set (117)
What is the tidal volume (TV)? Amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath at rest
Inspiratory reserve volume Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled from the point of maximal expiration
Expiratory reserve volume Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled from the resting end-expiratory level
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration. This volume cannot be
Residual volume measured with the spirometer. It is measured indirectly using methods such as the
helium dilution method, the nitrogen washout technique, or body plethysmography.
Functional residual capacity Volume of air remaining in the lungs at end-expiration (sum of RV and ERV)
Inspiratory capacity Sum of IRV and TV
Total amount of air that the lungs can hold. It is the sum of all the volume
Total lung capacity
components after maximal inspiration.
Forced expiratory volume exhaled in 1 Volume of air expired in the first second of FVC
second
Ventilation how much air gets into the alveoli.
Perfusion how much blood flows past those alveoli to pick up oxygen.
A mismatch means air and blood aren't matching up right.There's either too much air
what is ventilation and perfusion mismatch
and not enough blood, or too much blood and not enough air.
The alveoli aren't getting enough air.
There's good blood flow, but not enough oxygen to pick up.
ventilation without perfusion Common in asthma, pneumonia, or airway blockage.
Blood leaves the lungs with low oxygen.
, blood is flowing, but not enough air gets to the alveoli.
❌ Too little air, ✅ plenty of blood
perfusion without ventilation
Pneumonia, mucus plug, asthma
“Shunt” → blood passes through but can’t pick up oxygen.
ventilation without perfusion air no blood= dead space
Problem
Example
Description
perfusion without ventilation Air but no blood
Problem Pulmonary embolism
Example "Dead space" → wasted air
Description
Hypercapnia meaning Hypercapnia means there's too much carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the blood
When CO₂ levels rise, it stimulates the brain's respiratory center (in the medulla) to
Hypercapnia what happens
make you breathe faster to get rid of the extra CO₂.
If high CO₂ happens for a long time (like in chronic lung disease or COPD), the brain
Chronic Hypercapnia: stops responding to high CO₂ levels.➜ The body then relies on low oxygen levels
(hypoxia) to trigger breathing instead.
Hypoxia When the body senses low oxygen (hypoxia) for a long time (chronic hypoxia)
What is the long-term effect of chronic Chronic low oxygen → more EPO (tells the bone marrow to make more red blood
hypoxia on red blood cell production? cells )→ more RBCs → better oxygen delivery (erythopoiesis)
What are the characteristics of obstructive Obstructive pulmonary disorders involve an increase in resistance to airflow from the
pulmonary disorders? trachea and larger bronchi to the terminal and respiratory bronchioles.
Name some examples of obstructive Examples include Asthma, Emphysema, Chronic bronchitis, and Bronchiectasis.
pulmonary disorders. (3)
Restrictive pulmonary disorders are characterized by reduced expansion of lung
What defines restrictive pulmonary
tissue due to stiff and noncompliant lung tissue, resulting in decreased total lung
disorders?
capacity.
Name some examples of restrictive Examples include Pulmonary fibrosis, Interstitial pneumonia, and Pneumoconiosis.
pulmonary disorders. (3)
obstructive
main problem: Hard to get air OUT
Obstructive vs. Restrictive Lung Diseases Cause: Airways are narrowed or blocked, increasing resistance
main problem Air Flow: Decreased airflow due to obstruction
cause
air flow restrictive:
lung expansion main problem: hard to get air in
cause Lung tissue is stiff or noncompliant, reducing expansion
air flow: Decreased lung volume due to stiffness
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes 'reversible'
Define Asthma.
airway constriction because of bronchial hyperreactivity.
OBSTRUCTIVE
Asthma (Hyper-Reactive Airway Disease)
Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the airways that causes them to narrow and
Definition:
tighten — making it hard to breathe.
2030 Lungs X3- Questions and Answers
Save
Terms in this set (117)
What is the tidal volume (TV)? Amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath at rest
Inspiratory reserve volume Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled from the point of maximal expiration
Expiratory reserve volume Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled from the resting end-expiratory level
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration. This volume cannot be
Residual volume measured with the spirometer. It is measured indirectly using methods such as the
helium dilution method, the nitrogen washout technique, or body plethysmography.
Functional residual capacity Volume of air remaining in the lungs at end-expiration (sum of RV and ERV)
Inspiratory capacity Sum of IRV and TV
Total amount of air that the lungs can hold. It is the sum of all the volume
Total lung capacity
components after maximal inspiration.
Forced expiratory volume exhaled in 1 Volume of air expired in the first second of FVC
second
Ventilation how much air gets into the alveoli.
Perfusion how much blood flows past those alveoli to pick up oxygen.
A mismatch means air and blood aren't matching up right.There's either too much air
what is ventilation and perfusion mismatch
and not enough blood, or too much blood and not enough air.
The alveoli aren't getting enough air.
There's good blood flow, but not enough oxygen to pick up.
ventilation without perfusion Common in asthma, pneumonia, or airway blockage.
Blood leaves the lungs with low oxygen.
, blood is flowing, but not enough air gets to the alveoli.
❌ Too little air, ✅ plenty of blood
perfusion without ventilation
Pneumonia, mucus plug, asthma
“Shunt” → blood passes through but can’t pick up oxygen.
ventilation without perfusion air no blood= dead space
Problem
Example
Description
perfusion without ventilation Air but no blood
Problem Pulmonary embolism
Example "Dead space" → wasted air
Description
Hypercapnia meaning Hypercapnia means there's too much carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the blood
When CO₂ levels rise, it stimulates the brain's respiratory center (in the medulla) to
Hypercapnia what happens
make you breathe faster to get rid of the extra CO₂.
If high CO₂ happens for a long time (like in chronic lung disease or COPD), the brain
Chronic Hypercapnia: stops responding to high CO₂ levels.➜ The body then relies on low oxygen levels
(hypoxia) to trigger breathing instead.
Hypoxia When the body senses low oxygen (hypoxia) for a long time (chronic hypoxia)
What is the long-term effect of chronic Chronic low oxygen → more EPO (tells the bone marrow to make more red blood
hypoxia on red blood cell production? cells )→ more RBCs → better oxygen delivery (erythopoiesis)
What are the characteristics of obstructive Obstructive pulmonary disorders involve an increase in resistance to airflow from the
pulmonary disorders? trachea and larger bronchi to the terminal and respiratory bronchioles.
Name some examples of obstructive Examples include Asthma, Emphysema, Chronic bronchitis, and Bronchiectasis.
pulmonary disorders. (3)
Restrictive pulmonary disorders are characterized by reduced expansion of lung
What defines restrictive pulmonary
tissue due to stiff and noncompliant lung tissue, resulting in decreased total lung
disorders?
capacity.
Name some examples of restrictive Examples include Pulmonary fibrosis, Interstitial pneumonia, and Pneumoconiosis.
pulmonary disorders. (3)
obstructive
main problem: Hard to get air OUT
Obstructive vs. Restrictive Lung Diseases Cause: Airways are narrowed or blocked, increasing resistance
main problem Air Flow: Decreased airflow due to obstruction
cause
air flow restrictive:
lung expansion main problem: hard to get air in
cause Lung tissue is stiff or noncompliant, reducing expansion
air flow: Decreased lung volume due to stiffness
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes 'reversible'
Define Asthma.
airway constriction because of bronchial hyperreactivity.
OBSTRUCTIVE
Asthma (Hyper-Reactive Airway Disease)
Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the airways that causes them to narrow and
Definition:
tighten — making it hard to breathe.
