CBIC Exam Questions And 100% Correct Answers
Describe systemic fungal infections and give an example. - ANSWER highly virulent, can
spread to all organs of the body. Immunocompromised are at highest risk. Ex:
aspergillosis, candiasis, and cryptococcosis
What are prions? - ANSWER an abnormal folding of normal cellular proteins that
primarily affect the brain
How are prions destroyed? - ANSWER sterilization
What are parasites? ANSWER an organism that lives in or on a host and gets food from
or at the expense of a host
Giardia what is this? How is this transmitted? What are the signs and symptoms? How is
it treated? -ANSWER microscopic parasite common in areas with poor sanitation and
unsafe water; waterborne, also transmitted through food and person-to-person contact.
S/S: watery and foul-smelling diarrhea, fatigue, malaise, abdominal cramps, bloating,
nausea, weight loss, and belching gas with bad test. Typically last 2-4 weeks; Tx: mild
cases resolve on their own, severe case treated with antibiotics
How do the tapeworms become infectious? Describe invasive vs intestinal infections.
What are the signs and symptoms? How is it treated? - ANSWER Infection occurs when
food or water contaminated with eggs or larvae; invasive infection-when eggs migrate
out of intestines and form cysts in bodily tissue and organs; intestinal infection-when an
adult tapeworm develops in the intestines. S/S: intestinal tapeworms usually have no
signs and symptoms but may include nausea, weakness, loss of appetite, abdominal
pain, diarrhea, and weight loss; invasive infections can cause destruction of tissue; may
lead to fever, allergic reaction to larvae, bacterial infections, cystic masses or lumps,
and seizures; Tx: most types will leave the body on their own; medications that are toxic
to tapeworms include praziquantel, albendazole, and nitazoxanide; anthelmintic drugs
can be used to shrink the cyst of the invading tapeworm infection; if the tapeworm is
dying, antiinflammatory therapy and corticosteroids
,Pinworms What are they? What are the signs and symptoms? How is it treated?
-ANSWER most common intestinal worm in U.S; S/S: itching of anus or vaginal area,
insomnia, pain, and nausea; Tx: antiparasite medication often given to whole household
What is lice? What are the signs and symptoms? How is it treated? -ANSWER parasitic
insects that feed on blood; S/S: intense itching and small red bumps on scalp, neck, and
shoulders; Tx: special shampoo, benzyl alcohol lotion, or lindane
Myiasis consists of which and is treated how? -ANSWER maggot infestation; Tx: surgical
removal, then site dressed and antibiotics given; cutaneous myiasis treated w/ thick
coat of petroleum jelly, which robs the larvae of oxygen supply and moves them to the
surface for easy removal; all types can be treated w/ oral or topical ivermectin
Scabies-what is it? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? ANS Itchy
skin disease caused by mite, Sarcoptes scabiei; contagious; S/S: itching, burrow marks,
which are lines of tiny bumps on the skin; Tx: medications like permethrin 5% lindane,
and oral ivermectin
What is reservoir? - ANSWER the environment or habitat where the pathogen lives,
grows, and multiplies. Can include humans, animals, water, soil, and insects.
What is the mode of transmission? What are the different modes? - ANSWER allows a
pathogen to move from its reservoir to its susceptible host; direct, indirect, airborne,
vehicle, vector
Describe the mode of direct transmission. - ANSWER either direct contact with the
pathogen or with an infected droplet
Describe indirect transmission. -ANSWER movement of an infectious agent from the
reservoir to the host by an inanimate object
Describe airborne transmission. -ANSWER pathogen is carried in dust or droplets in the
air that remain in place long enough to infect an exposed person. Ex: measles
,Describe vehicle transmission. -ANSWER person comes in contact with an infectious
product that's in water, blood, or other objects
Vector transmission Describe vector transmission. - ANSWER living organisms (ex:
ticks, mosquitoes) that transmit diseases by direct mechanical means, such as a biting
insect
What are the 4 protective precautions? - ANSWER Standard, contact, airborne, droplet
What is standard precautions? - ANSWER applies to all blood and body fluids, and all
patients without diagnosis
Contact precautions are the precautions against any direct or indirect contact
transmissions, such as those contained in diarrhea, wounds, and herpes simplex.
Airborne precautions are those that guard against airborne transmission microbes. Ex:
TB. Includes HEPA mask and negative pressure room.
Droplet precautions prevent transmission from cough or sneeze. Masks
What is included in the factors that influence a host's susceptibility? -ANS age, heredity,
level of stress, nutritional status, current medications and treatment, and diseases and
other chronic conditions
Define risk.-ANS the likelihood that infection will happen more frequently in a specific
individual or group than in another
What are two elements that combine to determine one's actual risk of infection? -ANS
host susceptibility and exposure potential
, What are the two types of the body's defenses against infection? - ANSWER Specific and
non-specific
Describe nonspecific defense against infection. - ANSWER anatomical and physiological
barriers to infection, and the inflammation process
Describe specific defense against infection. - ANSWER antibody mediated defenses
(both active and passive immunity) and cell mediated defenses (AKA cellular immunity)
What is active immunity? - ANSWER production of antibodies in response to an antigen
Passive immunity - ANSWER when host receives antibodies from an artificial manner ex:
IVIG or natural manner ex: breastfeeding or in utero
3 levels of disease prevention - ANSWER Primary, secondary, tertiary
Primary prevention - ANSWER prevent the occurrence of infection, disease, and
dysfunction before it occurs
What is secondary prevention? -ANSWER aimed at the very early detection of infections
and diseases by appropriate treatment
What is tertiary prevention? -ANSWER to restore the client, group or population after
correcting a health problem to the best possible functioning level
What determines whether infection occurs? - ANWER an increase in the number of
infectious agents, an increase in the virulence of the agent, an improved mode of
transmission, increased susceptibility of the host, addition of new portals of entry and
exit
How is disease occurrence measured? - ANSWER Rate, incidence, prevalence.
Describe systemic fungal infections and give an example. - ANSWER highly virulent, can
spread to all organs of the body. Immunocompromised are at highest risk. Ex:
aspergillosis, candiasis, and cryptococcosis
What are prions? - ANSWER an abnormal folding of normal cellular proteins that
primarily affect the brain
How are prions destroyed? - ANSWER sterilization
What are parasites? ANSWER an organism that lives in or on a host and gets food from
or at the expense of a host
Giardia what is this? How is this transmitted? What are the signs and symptoms? How is
it treated? -ANSWER microscopic parasite common in areas with poor sanitation and
unsafe water; waterborne, also transmitted through food and person-to-person contact.
S/S: watery and foul-smelling diarrhea, fatigue, malaise, abdominal cramps, bloating,
nausea, weight loss, and belching gas with bad test. Typically last 2-4 weeks; Tx: mild
cases resolve on their own, severe case treated with antibiotics
How do the tapeworms become infectious? Describe invasive vs intestinal infections.
What are the signs and symptoms? How is it treated? - ANSWER Infection occurs when
food or water contaminated with eggs or larvae; invasive infection-when eggs migrate
out of intestines and form cysts in bodily tissue and organs; intestinal infection-when an
adult tapeworm develops in the intestines. S/S: intestinal tapeworms usually have no
signs and symptoms but may include nausea, weakness, loss of appetite, abdominal
pain, diarrhea, and weight loss; invasive infections can cause destruction of tissue; may
lead to fever, allergic reaction to larvae, bacterial infections, cystic masses or lumps,
and seizures; Tx: most types will leave the body on their own; medications that are toxic
to tapeworms include praziquantel, albendazole, and nitazoxanide; anthelmintic drugs
can be used to shrink the cyst of the invading tapeworm infection; if the tapeworm is
dying, antiinflammatory therapy and corticosteroids
,Pinworms What are they? What are the signs and symptoms? How is it treated?
-ANSWER most common intestinal worm in U.S; S/S: itching of anus or vaginal area,
insomnia, pain, and nausea; Tx: antiparasite medication often given to whole household
What is lice? What are the signs and symptoms? How is it treated? -ANSWER parasitic
insects that feed on blood; S/S: intense itching and small red bumps on scalp, neck, and
shoulders; Tx: special shampoo, benzyl alcohol lotion, or lindane
Myiasis consists of which and is treated how? -ANSWER maggot infestation; Tx: surgical
removal, then site dressed and antibiotics given; cutaneous myiasis treated w/ thick
coat of petroleum jelly, which robs the larvae of oxygen supply and moves them to the
surface for easy removal; all types can be treated w/ oral or topical ivermectin
Scabies-what is it? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? ANS Itchy
skin disease caused by mite, Sarcoptes scabiei; contagious; S/S: itching, burrow marks,
which are lines of tiny bumps on the skin; Tx: medications like permethrin 5% lindane,
and oral ivermectin
What is reservoir? - ANSWER the environment or habitat where the pathogen lives,
grows, and multiplies. Can include humans, animals, water, soil, and insects.
What is the mode of transmission? What are the different modes? - ANSWER allows a
pathogen to move from its reservoir to its susceptible host; direct, indirect, airborne,
vehicle, vector
Describe the mode of direct transmission. - ANSWER either direct contact with the
pathogen or with an infected droplet
Describe indirect transmission. -ANSWER movement of an infectious agent from the
reservoir to the host by an inanimate object
Describe airborne transmission. -ANSWER pathogen is carried in dust or droplets in the
air that remain in place long enough to infect an exposed person. Ex: measles
,Describe vehicle transmission. -ANSWER person comes in contact with an infectious
product that's in water, blood, or other objects
Vector transmission Describe vector transmission. - ANSWER living organisms (ex:
ticks, mosquitoes) that transmit diseases by direct mechanical means, such as a biting
insect
What are the 4 protective precautions? - ANSWER Standard, contact, airborne, droplet
What is standard precautions? - ANSWER applies to all blood and body fluids, and all
patients without diagnosis
Contact precautions are the precautions against any direct or indirect contact
transmissions, such as those contained in diarrhea, wounds, and herpes simplex.
Airborne precautions are those that guard against airborne transmission microbes. Ex:
TB. Includes HEPA mask and negative pressure room.
Droplet precautions prevent transmission from cough or sneeze. Masks
What is included in the factors that influence a host's susceptibility? -ANS age, heredity,
level of stress, nutritional status, current medications and treatment, and diseases and
other chronic conditions
Define risk.-ANS the likelihood that infection will happen more frequently in a specific
individual or group than in another
What are two elements that combine to determine one's actual risk of infection? -ANS
host susceptibility and exposure potential
, What are the two types of the body's defenses against infection? - ANSWER Specific and
non-specific
Describe nonspecific defense against infection. - ANSWER anatomical and physiological
barriers to infection, and the inflammation process
Describe specific defense against infection. - ANSWER antibody mediated defenses
(both active and passive immunity) and cell mediated defenses (AKA cellular immunity)
What is active immunity? - ANSWER production of antibodies in response to an antigen
Passive immunity - ANSWER when host receives antibodies from an artificial manner ex:
IVIG or natural manner ex: breastfeeding or in utero
3 levels of disease prevention - ANSWER Primary, secondary, tertiary
Primary prevention - ANSWER prevent the occurrence of infection, disease, and
dysfunction before it occurs
What is secondary prevention? -ANSWER aimed at the very early detection of infections
and diseases by appropriate treatment
What is tertiary prevention? -ANSWER to restore the client, group or population after
correcting a health problem to the best possible functioning level
What determines whether infection occurs? - ANWER an increase in the number of
infectious agents, an increase in the virulence of the agent, an improved mode of
transmission, increased susceptibility of the host, addition of new portals of entry and
exit
How is disease occurrence measured? - ANSWER Rate, incidence, prevalence.
