Psych 250 Exam 3 Questions and Verified
Answers
Emotion Correct Answer: A feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction
that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being. Most all classifications designate an
emotion as either positive or negative. Emotions are influenced by biological foundations + experience.
Functionalist view of emotions Correct Answer: a child's emotional responses cannot be separated from
the situations in which they are evoked ---- emotions are elicited in interpersonal contexts. AND
Emotions are linked with an individual's goals in a variety of ways
Positive emotions Correct Answer: include enthusiasm, joy, and love.
Negative emotions Correct Answer: include anxiety, anger, guilt, and sadness.
emotional competence Correct Answer: Focuses on the adaptive nature of emotional experience.
Emotionally competent involves developing a number of skills in social contexts. As children acquire
these skills in a variety of contexts, they (1) Are more likely to effectively manage their emotion, (2)
become resilient in the face of stressful circumstances, (3) develop more positive relationships.
Early Emotions Correct Answer: Primary + Self-Conscious
Primary Emotions Correct Answer: Are present in humans and animals. Appear in the first six months of
the human infant's development. Include surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust
Self-Conscious Emotions Correct Answer: Require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense
of "me." include jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. Some call them other-
conscious emotions because they involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated.
Some experts like Jerome Kagan conclude that the structural immaturity of the infant brain make it
unlikely that emotions which require thought—such as guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and
jealousy—can be experienced in the first year.
Infancy Correct Answer: Emotional Expression and Social Relationships - Infant emotional
communications allows for coordinated interactions with their caregivers and the beginning of an
emotional bond between them. Infants also modify their emotional expressions in response to their
parents' emotional expressions. These interactions are reciprocal or synchronous when all is going well.
Sensitive, responsive parents help their infants grow emotionally, whether the infants respond in
distressed or happy ways
Crying Correct Answer: Is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their
world.
,Basic cry Correct Answer: A rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter
whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.
Anger cry Correct Answer: A variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal
cords.
Pain cry Correct Answer: A sudden, long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding; it is stimulated by
a high-intensity stimulus.
Smiling Correct Answer: Smiling is critical as a means of developing a new social skill and is a key social
signal
Reflexive smile Correct Answer: A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears
during the first month after birth, usually during sleep
Social smile Correct Answer: A smile in response to an external stimulus, typically a face in the case of
the young infant. Social smiling occurs as early as 4 to 6 weeks of age in response to a caregiver's voice
Two to 6 months after birth Correct Answer: infant's social smiling increases considerably, both in self-
initiated smiles and smiles in response to others' smiles.
Six to 12 months of age Correct Answer: smiles that couple what is called the Duchenne marker (eye
constriction) and mouth opening occur in the midst of highly enjoyable interactions and play with
parents.
In the 2nd year Correct Answer: smiling continues to occur in such positive circumstances with parents,
and in many cases an increase in smiling occurs when interacting with peers. toddlers become
increasingly aware of the social meaning of smiles, especially in their relationship with parents.
anticipatory smiling Correct Answer: They communicate pre-existing positive emotion by smiling at an
object and then turning their smile toward an adult
Fear Correct Answer: Fear is one the earliest emotions - appear at 6 months of age and peaks at about 18
months. Abused and neglected infants can show fear as early as 3 months. Researchers have found that
infant fear is linked to guilt, empathy, and low aggression at 6 to 7 years of age
Stranger Anxiety Correct Answer: Emerges gradually at about 6 months - more intense by 9 months -
escalates thru 12 months. Not all infants show distress. Social context + characteristics of the stranger
matter. Individual differences, Proximity to mother, warmth of stranger, child or adult are all variables
that influence the presence and degree of SA
, Separation Protest Correct Answer: Separation protest peaks about 15 months for U.S. infants / 13- 15
worldwide
Emotional Regulation and Coping Correct Answer: During the 1st year - the infant gradually develops an
ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions. The caregivers' actions
influence the infant's neurobiological regulation of emotions. By soothing the infant, caregivers help
infants to modulate their emotion and reduce the level of stress hormones. Many developmentalists
believe it is a good strategy for a caregiver to soothe an infant before the infant gets into an intense,
agitated, uncontrolled state. During the 2nd year - when infants become aroused, they sometimes
redirect their attention or distract themselves in order to reduce their arousal. By 2 years of age- toddlers
can use language to define their feeling states and the context that is upsetting them. Contexts can
influence emotional regulation (fatigue, hunger, time of day, which people are around them, and where
they are). New demands appear as the infant becomes older and parents modify their expectations.
Early Childhood Correct Answer: Young children experience many emotions in the course of a day.
Their growing awareness of self is linked to the ability to feel an expanding range of emotions. To
experience self-conscious emotions- children must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of
themselves as distinct from others. Among the most important changes in early childhood = an increased
understanding of emotion- certain situations are likely to evoke particular emotions, facial expressions
indicate specific emotions, and emotions affect behavior and emotions can be used to influence others'
emotions.
Between 2 and 4 years of age Correct Answer: children considerably increase their emotional vocabulary,
learning about the causes and consequences of feelings
At 4 to 5 years of age Correct Answer: children show an increased ability to reflect on emotions. Also
that the same event can elicit different feelings in different people. and growing awareness that they
need to manage their emotions to meet social standards.
By 5 years Correct Answer: most children can accurately determine emotions that are produced by
challenging circumstances and describe strategies they might call on to cope with everyday stress
Regulating Emotions in early childhood Correct Answer: Plays a key role in children's ability to manage
the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others. Emotional regulation can be
conceptualized as an important component of self-regulation or of executive functioning. Executive
functioning is increasingly thought to be a key concept in describing the young child's higher-level
cognitive functioning
Parenting and Children's Emotional Development Early Childhood Correct Answer: Parents = important
role in children's emotional regulation, Parents can be described as taking an emotion-coaching or an
emotion-dismissing approach, The distinction is most evident in the way the parent deals with the
child's negative emotions (anger, frustration, sadness, and so on). Emotion-coaching parents- monitor
their children's emotions, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist
them in labeling, coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions. Interact with their children in a
less rejecting manner, Use more scaffolding and praise and are more nurturing than are emotion-
Answers
Emotion Correct Answer: A feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction
that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being. Most all classifications designate an
emotion as either positive or negative. Emotions are influenced by biological foundations + experience.
Functionalist view of emotions Correct Answer: a child's emotional responses cannot be separated from
the situations in which they are evoked ---- emotions are elicited in interpersonal contexts. AND
Emotions are linked with an individual's goals in a variety of ways
Positive emotions Correct Answer: include enthusiasm, joy, and love.
Negative emotions Correct Answer: include anxiety, anger, guilt, and sadness.
emotional competence Correct Answer: Focuses on the adaptive nature of emotional experience.
Emotionally competent involves developing a number of skills in social contexts. As children acquire
these skills in a variety of contexts, they (1) Are more likely to effectively manage their emotion, (2)
become resilient in the face of stressful circumstances, (3) develop more positive relationships.
Early Emotions Correct Answer: Primary + Self-Conscious
Primary Emotions Correct Answer: Are present in humans and animals. Appear in the first six months of
the human infant's development. Include surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust
Self-Conscious Emotions Correct Answer: Require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense
of "me." include jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. Some call them other-
conscious emotions because they involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated.
Some experts like Jerome Kagan conclude that the structural immaturity of the infant brain make it
unlikely that emotions which require thought—such as guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and
jealousy—can be experienced in the first year.
Infancy Correct Answer: Emotional Expression and Social Relationships - Infant emotional
communications allows for coordinated interactions with their caregivers and the beginning of an
emotional bond between them. Infants also modify their emotional expressions in response to their
parents' emotional expressions. These interactions are reciprocal or synchronous when all is going well.
Sensitive, responsive parents help their infants grow emotionally, whether the infants respond in
distressed or happy ways
Crying Correct Answer: Is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their
world.
,Basic cry Correct Answer: A rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter
whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.
Anger cry Correct Answer: A variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal
cords.
Pain cry Correct Answer: A sudden, long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding; it is stimulated by
a high-intensity stimulus.
Smiling Correct Answer: Smiling is critical as a means of developing a new social skill and is a key social
signal
Reflexive smile Correct Answer: A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears
during the first month after birth, usually during sleep
Social smile Correct Answer: A smile in response to an external stimulus, typically a face in the case of
the young infant. Social smiling occurs as early as 4 to 6 weeks of age in response to a caregiver's voice
Two to 6 months after birth Correct Answer: infant's social smiling increases considerably, both in self-
initiated smiles and smiles in response to others' smiles.
Six to 12 months of age Correct Answer: smiles that couple what is called the Duchenne marker (eye
constriction) and mouth opening occur in the midst of highly enjoyable interactions and play with
parents.
In the 2nd year Correct Answer: smiling continues to occur in such positive circumstances with parents,
and in many cases an increase in smiling occurs when interacting with peers. toddlers become
increasingly aware of the social meaning of smiles, especially in their relationship with parents.
anticipatory smiling Correct Answer: They communicate pre-existing positive emotion by smiling at an
object and then turning their smile toward an adult
Fear Correct Answer: Fear is one the earliest emotions - appear at 6 months of age and peaks at about 18
months. Abused and neglected infants can show fear as early as 3 months. Researchers have found that
infant fear is linked to guilt, empathy, and low aggression at 6 to 7 years of age
Stranger Anxiety Correct Answer: Emerges gradually at about 6 months - more intense by 9 months -
escalates thru 12 months. Not all infants show distress. Social context + characteristics of the stranger
matter. Individual differences, Proximity to mother, warmth of stranger, child or adult are all variables
that influence the presence and degree of SA
, Separation Protest Correct Answer: Separation protest peaks about 15 months for U.S. infants / 13- 15
worldwide
Emotional Regulation and Coping Correct Answer: During the 1st year - the infant gradually develops an
ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions. The caregivers' actions
influence the infant's neurobiological regulation of emotions. By soothing the infant, caregivers help
infants to modulate their emotion and reduce the level of stress hormones. Many developmentalists
believe it is a good strategy for a caregiver to soothe an infant before the infant gets into an intense,
agitated, uncontrolled state. During the 2nd year - when infants become aroused, they sometimes
redirect their attention or distract themselves in order to reduce their arousal. By 2 years of age- toddlers
can use language to define their feeling states and the context that is upsetting them. Contexts can
influence emotional regulation (fatigue, hunger, time of day, which people are around them, and where
they are). New demands appear as the infant becomes older and parents modify their expectations.
Early Childhood Correct Answer: Young children experience many emotions in the course of a day.
Their growing awareness of self is linked to the ability to feel an expanding range of emotions. To
experience self-conscious emotions- children must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of
themselves as distinct from others. Among the most important changes in early childhood = an increased
understanding of emotion- certain situations are likely to evoke particular emotions, facial expressions
indicate specific emotions, and emotions affect behavior and emotions can be used to influence others'
emotions.
Between 2 and 4 years of age Correct Answer: children considerably increase their emotional vocabulary,
learning about the causes and consequences of feelings
At 4 to 5 years of age Correct Answer: children show an increased ability to reflect on emotions. Also
that the same event can elicit different feelings in different people. and growing awareness that they
need to manage their emotions to meet social standards.
By 5 years Correct Answer: most children can accurately determine emotions that are produced by
challenging circumstances and describe strategies they might call on to cope with everyday stress
Regulating Emotions in early childhood Correct Answer: Plays a key role in children's ability to manage
the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others. Emotional regulation can be
conceptualized as an important component of self-regulation or of executive functioning. Executive
functioning is increasingly thought to be a key concept in describing the young child's higher-level
cognitive functioning
Parenting and Children's Emotional Development Early Childhood Correct Answer: Parents = important
role in children's emotional regulation, Parents can be described as taking an emotion-coaching or an
emotion-dismissing approach, The distinction is most evident in the way the parent deals with the
child's negative emotions (anger, frustration, sadness, and so on). Emotion-coaching parents- monitor
their children's emotions, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist
them in labeling, coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions. Interact with their children in a
less rejecting manner, Use more scaffolding and praise and are more nurturing than are emotion-
