BSN 111 Final Exam Notes Questions
and Answers
Self-awareness - ANSWERS-An individual's ability to understand their personal strengths,
weaknesses, and influence on others
Values - ANSWERS-A strong personal belief and an ideal that a person or group (such as nurses)
believes to have merit
Ethics - ANSWERS-Philosophical ideals of right and wrong behaviour
Code of Ethics - ANSWERS-Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) (2017) "publishes a code of ethics
that outlines nurses' professional values and ethical commitments to their patients and the
communities they serve"
Advocacy - ANSWERS-speaking on behalf of those who cannot speak for themselves
acting on behalf of another person
Accountability - ANSWERS-We are accountable to CNO and the organization we work for
Responsibility - ANSWERS-Duty to perform actions adequately and thoughtfully
A nursing code of ethics - ANSWERS-Provides guidance for relationships, behaviour, and
decision making
Deontology - ANSWERS-essence of right and wrong
,Utilitarianism - ANSWERS-Utilitarianism is like a moral compass that focuses on maximizing
overall happiness or well-being by considering the outcomes or consequences of our actions
Bioethics - ANSWERS-looks at ethics from a medical and healthcare perspective
Feminist ethics & relational ethics - ANSWERS-persons relationships with others
Autonomy - ANSWERS-Providing adequate information to allow patients to make their own
decisions based on their beliefs and values, even if they aren't the ones the nurse chooses (self
determination)
Beneficence - ANSWERS-Relates to ensuring that the patient's best interest is considered,
regardless of the nurse's personal opinion (promotion of good)
Nonmaleficence - ANSWERS-The avoidance or minimization of harm
Justice - ANSWERS-Relates to impartiality regarding a patient's age, ethnicity, economic status,
religion, or sexual orientation (unbiased)
Relational ethics - ANSWERS-A way of being" demonstrated in day-to-day relations
Patient safety - ANSWERS-CNA (2009) "believe that patient safety is the reduction and
mitigation of unsafe acts within the health care system as well as through the use of best
practices shown to lead to optimal patient outcomes"
Value formation - ANSWERS-•Family experience
•Moral development
,•Cultural, ethnic, and religious communities (cultural values)
•Individual experiences
Personal reflection - ANSWERS-•Values clarification
• Very important to identify one's own values and beliefs
• Leads to better understanding of others
• Plays a key role in communication
•Need to be aware of values of employers, patients, physicians, and other groups
Ethics (part 2) - ANSWERS-•The study of good conduct, character, and motives
•Philosophical ideals of right and wrong
• A reflection of what matters most to people or professions
Values in the CNA code of ethics - ANSWERS-•Providing safe, compassionate, competent, and
ethical care
•Promoting health and well-being
•Promoting and respecting informed decision making
•Honouring dignity
•Maintaining privacy and confidentiality
•Promoting justice
•Being accountable
Analysis of an ethical dilemma - ANSWERS-Step 1: Determine whether the issue is an ethical
dilemma.
Step 2: Gather all relevant information.
Step 3: Examine and determine your own values on the issues.
Step 4: Verbalize the problem.
, Step 5: Consider possible courses of action.
Step 6: Reflect on the outcome.
Step 7: Evaluate the action and the outcome
Effective communication - ANSWERS-A two-way exchange of information among persons and
health care providers
Communication - ANSWERS-Communication is an exchange of information, sharing of ideas,
seeing things from multiple perspectives
Metacommunication - ANSWERS-describes all factors on how messages are perceived
Person centered communication - ANSWERS-Focuses on health issues, but also considers the
person's social care influenced by cultural contexts, values, family, diversity, social
circumstances, and lifestyles
Basic elements of communication process: Linear Model - ANSWERS-- sender
- message
- receiver
- channels of communication
- context
Transactional model - ANSWERS-- complex
- reciprocal interaction process
Therapeutic communication - ANSWERS-- words/expression
- exchange of information
and Answers
Self-awareness - ANSWERS-An individual's ability to understand their personal strengths,
weaknesses, and influence on others
Values - ANSWERS-A strong personal belief and an ideal that a person or group (such as nurses)
believes to have merit
Ethics - ANSWERS-Philosophical ideals of right and wrong behaviour
Code of Ethics - ANSWERS-Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) (2017) "publishes a code of ethics
that outlines nurses' professional values and ethical commitments to their patients and the
communities they serve"
Advocacy - ANSWERS-speaking on behalf of those who cannot speak for themselves
acting on behalf of another person
Accountability - ANSWERS-We are accountable to CNO and the organization we work for
Responsibility - ANSWERS-Duty to perform actions adequately and thoughtfully
A nursing code of ethics - ANSWERS-Provides guidance for relationships, behaviour, and
decision making
Deontology - ANSWERS-essence of right and wrong
,Utilitarianism - ANSWERS-Utilitarianism is like a moral compass that focuses on maximizing
overall happiness or well-being by considering the outcomes or consequences of our actions
Bioethics - ANSWERS-looks at ethics from a medical and healthcare perspective
Feminist ethics & relational ethics - ANSWERS-persons relationships with others
Autonomy - ANSWERS-Providing adequate information to allow patients to make their own
decisions based on their beliefs and values, even if they aren't the ones the nurse chooses (self
determination)
Beneficence - ANSWERS-Relates to ensuring that the patient's best interest is considered,
regardless of the nurse's personal opinion (promotion of good)
Nonmaleficence - ANSWERS-The avoidance or minimization of harm
Justice - ANSWERS-Relates to impartiality regarding a patient's age, ethnicity, economic status,
religion, or sexual orientation (unbiased)
Relational ethics - ANSWERS-A way of being" demonstrated in day-to-day relations
Patient safety - ANSWERS-CNA (2009) "believe that patient safety is the reduction and
mitigation of unsafe acts within the health care system as well as through the use of best
practices shown to lead to optimal patient outcomes"
Value formation - ANSWERS-•Family experience
•Moral development
,•Cultural, ethnic, and religious communities (cultural values)
•Individual experiences
Personal reflection - ANSWERS-•Values clarification
• Very important to identify one's own values and beliefs
• Leads to better understanding of others
• Plays a key role in communication
•Need to be aware of values of employers, patients, physicians, and other groups
Ethics (part 2) - ANSWERS-•The study of good conduct, character, and motives
•Philosophical ideals of right and wrong
• A reflection of what matters most to people or professions
Values in the CNA code of ethics - ANSWERS-•Providing safe, compassionate, competent, and
ethical care
•Promoting health and well-being
•Promoting and respecting informed decision making
•Honouring dignity
•Maintaining privacy and confidentiality
•Promoting justice
•Being accountable
Analysis of an ethical dilemma - ANSWERS-Step 1: Determine whether the issue is an ethical
dilemma.
Step 2: Gather all relevant information.
Step 3: Examine and determine your own values on the issues.
Step 4: Verbalize the problem.
, Step 5: Consider possible courses of action.
Step 6: Reflect on the outcome.
Step 7: Evaluate the action and the outcome
Effective communication - ANSWERS-A two-way exchange of information among persons and
health care providers
Communication - ANSWERS-Communication is an exchange of information, sharing of ideas,
seeing things from multiple perspectives
Metacommunication - ANSWERS-describes all factors on how messages are perceived
Person centered communication - ANSWERS-Focuses on health issues, but also considers the
person's social care influenced by cultural contexts, values, family, diversity, social
circumstances, and lifestyles
Basic elements of communication process: Linear Model - ANSWERS-- sender
- message
- receiver
- channels of communication
- context
Transactional model - ANSWERS-- complex
- reciprocal interaction process
Therapeutic communication - ANSWERS-- words/expression
- exchange of information
