MDC 2 EXAM 1 2026 COMPREHENSIVE
ASSESSMENT
◉ Benign Cell Features. Answer: o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
◉ Benign cell looks similar to a. Answer: healthy cell
◉ Examples of Benign cells. Answer: o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
,o Endometriosis
◉ Malignant cells. Answer: indicates cancer and can be harmful to
normal body tissues and result in death
◉ Malignant cell features. Answer: o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
◉ Seven warning signs of cancer. Answer: o C-Change in bowel or
bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
,◉ Cancer development stages of malignancy. Answer: o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
◉ Initiation (Stage of malignancy). Answer: Normal cells are
damaged and irreversible
◉ Promotion. Answer: Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of
malignant cells
◉ Progression. Answer: Increase in production of malignant cells
◉ Metastasis. Answer: Cells move from primary site to the rest of
the body
◉ Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis. Answer: cancer development
◉ Cancer classification. Answer: o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
, o Doubling time and mitotic index
◉ Grading. Answer: Looking under microscope and determine
level/degree of mutation of cancer cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
◉ Ploidy. Answer: Number of chromosomes
◉ Staging. Answer: How large is the primary tumor and how far has
it spread
◉ TNM. Answer: o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
◉ Doubling time and mitotic index. Answer: Period of time required
for that quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer
grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
◉ Cancer prevention primary. Answer: o Sunscreen
ASSESSMENT
◉ Benign Cell Features. Answer: o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
◉ Benign cell looks similar to a. Answer: healthy cell
◉ Examples of Benign cells. Answer: o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
,o Endometriosis
◉ Malignant cells. Answer: indicates cancer and can be harmful to
normal body tissues and result in death
◉ Malignant cell features. Answer: o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
◉ Seven warning signs of cancer. Answer: o C-Change in bowel or
bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
,◉ Cancer development stages of malignancy. Answer: o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
◉ Initiation (Stage of malignancy). Answer: Normal cells are
damaged and irreversible
◉ Promotion. Answer: Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of
malignant cells
◉ Progression. Answer: Increase in production of malignant cells
◉ Metastasis. Answer: Cells move from primary site to the rest of
the body
◉ Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis. Answer: cancer development
◉ Cancer classification. Answer: o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
, o Doubling time and mitotic index
◉ Grading. Answer: Looking under microscope and determine
level/degree of mutation of cancer cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
◉ Ploidy. Answer: Number of chromosomes
◉ Staging. Answer: How large is the primary tumor and how far has
it spread
◉ TNM. Answer: o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
◉ Doubling time and mitotic index. Answer: Period of time required
for that quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer
grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
◉ Cancer prevention primary. Answer: o Sunscreen
