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NYSTCE Visual Arts 167: Artistic Processes
& Materials, NYSTCE Visual Art 167,
NYSTCE Visual Arts 167: Artistic Processes
& Materials
-first was created on cave walls as early as 10,000 B.C.
-by Egyptians starting in 3,000 B.C.
-originally used to express ideas and scenes in cave paintings
-In the Middle Ages, drawings were mainly completed on animal skins,
wood, wax, or slate
Origins of drawing
-became more widely used due to availability of paper
-artists would learn to draw before painting or sculpting
-used to study and record nature and anatomy
-artists used pen and ink, as well as black and red charcoal
Drawing in the Renaissance Era
an early drawing material made from slowly burned wood. Charcoal was
used for cave drawings, when burnt sticks were rubbed on cave walls
Charcoal
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-made from iron oxide pigment and refined clay
-popular in the 16th and 17th centuries, and Leonardo da Vinci used it for
many sketches
Red chalk
-carbonaceous shale, and it is softer than red chalk
-used in 15th-century Italy for underdrawings for ink or metal point artwork
-Albrecht Dürer and Anthony van Dyck used black chalk for portraits
Black chalk
-calcium carbonate or soapstone
-used for highlights on drawings
White chalk
-developed in the early 1800s
-made in red, black, and white
-harder than chalk and produce smoother lines
Conté crayons
-liquid pigment that can be used with a pen or a brush
-commonly used for writing
Ink
-first made with bird feathers (quills) and reeds, and later they were created
with metal tips
Pens
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-made from graphite encased in wood
-available in a range of hardnesses, from 10H to 10B
-10B pencil has the softest lead, and it will wear down quickly, leaving the
darkest mark on the paper
-in the middle are F and HB, which are a medium hardness and darkness
Pencils
stick with a padded head used to rest and support your hand to keep it
steady while drawing or painting
Mahlstick
can be manipulated and rolled into smaller sizes to erase small areas, and
it will not leave eraser crumbs behind
Kneaded rubber eraser
-yellowish and will crumble quickly
-best for larger areas
Gum eraser
-firmer and more precise, but it will still leave crumbs on the paper
Pink eraser
-commonly used drawing surface used in the Middle Ages
-animal skin
Parchment
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-first created in A.D. 105 in China
-wasn't widely used as a drawing material until it was produced more
quickly and more inexpensively in the 1800s
-comes in hot-pressed and cold-pressed surfaces
-Hot-pressed paper will be smooth, whereas cold-pressed paper will have a
texture
-A smooth surface will allow for greater detail and better control of pencil
marks, whereas a rough surface is better suited for looser drawing and
sketching or for a drawing with a rough texture
Paper
acid-free, doesn't yellow or deteriorate over time. should be used for
finished drawings, whereas any paper can be used for preliminary sketches
Archival (paper)
-technique that uses closely placed parallel lines to create shading and
tones
Hatching
-when hatching is used perpendicular to itself, creating heavier shades and
tones
Crosshatching
1. Describe visual facts
2. Analyze (Recognize the elements of art and how they are arranged (the
principles of design).
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NYSTCE Visual Arts 167: Artistic Processes
& Materials, NYSTCE Visual Art 167,
NYSTCE Visual Arts 167: Artistic Processes
& Materials
-first was created on cave walls as early as 10,000 B.C.
-by Egyptians starting in 3,000 B.C.
-originally used to express ideas and scenes in cave paintings
-In the Middle Ages, drawings were mainly completed on animal skins,
wood, wax, or slate
Origins of drawing
-became more widely used due to availability of paper
-artists would learn to draw before painting or sculpting
-used to study and record nature and anatomy
-artists used pen and ink, as well as black and red charcoal
Drawing in the Renaissance Era
an early drawing material made from slowly burned wood. Charcoal was
used for cave drawings, when burnt sticks were rubbed on cave walls
Charcoal
? Comprehensive Coverage?ofReal
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and Up-to-Date Content (2026/2027) Page 1 of 84
,? Real Exam-Style Questions
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? Verified,
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(2026/2027)Page
forand
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Marks
2 Content
of? 84
Trusted
(2026/2027)
by High-Scoring Students Worldwide
-made from iron oxide pigment and refined clay
-popular in the 16th and 17th centuries, and Leonardo da Vinci used it for
many sketches
Red chalk
-carbonaceous shale, and it is softer than red chalk
-used in 15th-century Italy for underdrawings for ink or metal point artwork
-Albrecht Dürer and Anthony van Dyck used black chalk for portraits
Black chalk
-calcium carbonate or soapstone
-used for highlights on drawings
White chalk
-developed in the early 1800s
-made in red, black, and white
-harder than chalk and produce smoother lines
Conté crayons
-liquid pigment that can be used with a pen or a brush
-commonly used for writing
Ink
-first made with bird feathers (quills) and reeds, and later they were created
with metal tips
Pens
? Comprehensive Coverage?ofReal
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of? 84
Trusted
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-made from graphite encased in wood
-available in a range of hardnesses, from 10H to 10B
-10B pencil has the softest lead, and it will wear down quickly, leaving the
darkest mark on the paper
-in the middle are F and HB, which are a medium hardness and darkness
Pencils
stick with a padded head used to rest and support your hand to keep it
steady while drawing or painting
Mahlstick
can be manipulated and rolled into smaller sizes to erase small areas, and
it will not leave eraser crumbs behind
Kneaded rubber eraser
-yellowish and will crumble quickly
-best for larger areas
Gum eraser
-firmer and more precise, but it will still leave crumbs on the paper
Pink eraser
-commonly used drawing surface used in the Middle Ages
-animal skin
Parchment
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of? 84
Trusted
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-first created in A.D. 105 in China
-wasn't widely used as a drawing material until it was produced more
quickly and more inexpensively in the 1800s
-comes in hot-pressed and cold-pressed surfaces
-Hot-pressed paper will be smooth, whereas cold-pressed paper will have a
texture
-A smooth surface will allow for greater detail and better control of pencil
marks, whereas a rough surface is better suited for looser drawing and
sketching or for a drawing with a rough texture
Paper
acid-free, doesn't yellow or deteriorate over time. should be used for
finished drawings, whereas any paper can be used for preliminary sketches
Archival (paper)
-technique that uses closely placed parallel lines to create shading and
tones
Hatching
-when hatching is used perpendicular to itself, creating heavier shades and
tones
Crosshatching
1. Describe visual facts
2. Analyze (Recognize the elements of art and how they are arranged (the
principles of design).
? Comprehensive Coverage?ofReal
All Key
Exam-Style
Topics ?Questions
Clear, Concise,
& Answers
and Easy-to-Understand
? Verified, Accurate,Explanations
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