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What are the four regions of a neuron?
Cell body/Soma, Dendrites, Axon, Axon terminals.
What is the function of the cell body/soma in a neuron?
It contains the nucleus and is the metabolic center of the neuron.
What role do dendrites play in neuronal function?
They serve as the major recipient zones of input from other neurons.
What is the axon and its primary function?
A single process that conveys information to other neurons.
What are axon terminals?
Fine branches near the end of the axon that release neurotransmitters and
synapse with other neurons.
How are neurons classified based on their function?
As Projection Neurons (long axons) or Local Circuit Neurons (short axons).
What is the primary function of projection neurons?
To convey information from the periphery to the brain, between brain regions, or
from the brain to effector organs.
What distinguishes local circuit neurons from projection neurons?
Local circuit neurons have short axons and process information within distinct
brain regions.
What are astrocytes and their primary functions?
The most numerous glial cells that support neurons, participate in the blood-
brain barrier, and regulate blood flow.
What is the tripartite synapse?
A concept where peri-synaptic astrocytes participate actively in synaptic
transmission by releasing gliotransmitters.
What are the two types of astrocytes?
Protoplasmic Astrocytes (in gray matter) and Fibrous Astrocytes (in white
matter).
What role do oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells play in the nervous system?
They form the myelin sheath that facilitates the conduction of action potentials.
Where are oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells located?
Oligodendrocytes are found in the CNS, while Schwann cells are found in the
PNS.
What is the function of microglia?
They act as scavengers that eliminate debris and regulate neurogenesis and
synaptic function.
How are altered glial cells related to psychiatric disorders?
Changes in glial cell numbers are linked to disorders such as schizophrenia and
depression.
What is the role of collaterals in neural circuits?
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They allow axons to produce branches that contact multiple targets during
development.
What does it mean for connections in neural circuits to be reciprocal?
Each region receives input from the regions to which it sends axonal projections.
What is the difference between direct and indirect connections in neural circuits?
Direct connections innervate target regions directly, while indirect connections
pass through additional regions.
What is a divergent connection in neural circuits?
It conveys information from a neuron to a larger number of neurons in diverse
brain areas.
What is a convergent connection in neural circuits?
It directs output from multiple brain regions towards a single area.
What are the three primary vesicles of the neural tube?
Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, and Rhombencephalon.
What structures are derived from the prosencephalon?
Telencephalon (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala) and Diencephalon
(thalamus, hypothalamus).
What is the primary motor region of the brain?
The precentral gyrus located in the frontal lobe.
What is the primary auditory cortex and where is it located?
It is located in the superior temporal lobe.
What components make up the basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus.
What are the functions of the thalamus?
It acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex.
What is the hypothalamus responsible for?
It is involved in autonomic and endocrine functions.
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
It is involved in autonomic and endocrine functions.
What does the ventricular system of the brain consist of?
It consists of two C-shaped lateral ventricles divided into five parts: anterior horn,
body, inferior horn, posterior horn, and atrium.
What connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?
The foramina of Monro (interventricular foramina).
What is the function of the cerebral aqueduct?
It connects the third ventricle with the fourth ventricle in the pons and medulla.
What fills the ventricular system?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
What is the choroid plexus and its function?
It makes 70% of CSF and is located in the lateral ventricles and the roof of the
third and fourth ventricles.
What is the Blood CSF Barrier?
It is formed by ependymal cells with tight junctions that prevent leakage of
substances into the CSF.
What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
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CSF cushions the brain, maintains the extracellular environment, and correlates
with substances in the brain.
What is the composition of CSF?
It contains low levels of protein, glucose, and potassium, and relatively high
concentrations of sodium and chloride.
What is the significance of amyloid beta 1-42 and total tau in CSF?
They are biomarkers used to examine the progression from mild cognitive
impairment due to Alzheimer's disease.
What is the structure of the cerebral cortex?
It is a laminated sheet of neurons covering the cerebral hemispheres, consisting
of 22 billion neurons and 165 trillion synapses.
What are the four types of cortical structures in the cerebral cortex?
Allocortex, paleocortex, archicortex, and neocortex.
What is the primary cell type in the neocortex?
Pyramidal neurons, which make up 75% of the cortical neurons.
What neurotransmitter do nonpyramidal (stellate) neurons primarily use?
GABA, which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
What are chandelier cells and their function?
They are a class of nonpyramidal neurons that synapse exclusively with the initial
axon segments of pyramidal cells.
What is the role of the neocortex in sensory processing?
It is involved in processing complex stimuli and mediating higher cognitive
functions.
What are the two regions of the neocortex?
Homotypical cortex (6 layers) and heterotypical cortex (does not have full 6
layers).
What are associational fibers in the brain?
Fibers that connect different cortical areas within the same hemisphere.
What are commissural fibers?
Fibers that connect cortical areas between the two hemispheres.
What is the central executive network?
A network involved in attention, working memory, and decision-making, including
the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
What is the salience network's function?
It responds to the relevance of incoming information and acts as a switch
between the central executive network and the default mode network.
What anatomical differences exist between the left and right hemispheres?
The planum temporale is larger in the left hemisphere, and Wernicke's area is
localized to the left hemisphere.
What is the significance of Broca's area in the left hemisphere?
It contains larger pyramidal neurons compared to the same area in the right
hemisphere.
What is the primary function of the insula?
Associated with interoception, bodily awareness, self-recognition, emotional
awareness, and integration of interoceptive information and emotions.
What brain regions form the Default Mode Network?
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What are the four regions of a neuron?
Cell body/Soma, Dendrites, Axon, Axon terminals.
What is the function of the cell body/soma in a neuron?
It contains the nucleus and is the metabolic center of the neuron.
What role do dendrites play in neuronal function?
They serve as the major recipient zones of input from other neurons.
What is the axon and its primary function?
A single process that conveys information to other neurons.
What are axon terminals?
Fine branches near the end of the axon that release neurotransmitters and
synapse with other neurons.
How are neurons classified based on their function?
As Projection Neurons (long axons) or Local Circuit Neurons (short axons).
What is the primary function of projection neurons?
To convey information from the periphery to the brain, between brain regions, or
from the brain to effector organs.
What distinguishes local circuit neurons from projection neurons?
Local circuit neurons have short axons and process information within distinct
brain regions.
What are astrocytes and their primary functions?
The most numerous glial cells that support neurons, participate in the blood-
brain barrier, and regulate blood flow.
What is the tripartite synapse?
A concept where peri-synaptic astrocytes participate actively in synaptic
transmission by releasing gliotransmitters.
What are the two types of astrocytes?
Protoplasmic Astrocytes (in gray matter) and Fibrous Astrocytes (in white
matter).
What role do oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells play in the nervous system?
They form the myelin sheath that facilitates the conduction of action potentials.
Where are oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells located?
Oligodendrocytes are found in the CNS, while Schwann cells are found in the
PNS.
What is the function of microglia?
They act as scavengers that eliminate debris and regulate neurogenesis and
synaptic function.
How are altered glial cells related to psychiatric disorders?
Changes in glial cell numbers are linked to disorders such as schizophrenia and
depression.
What is the role of collaterals in neural circuits?
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They allow axons to produce branches that contact multiple targets during
development.
What does it mean for connections in neural circuits to be reciprocal?
Each region receives input from the regions to which it sends axonal projections.
What is the difference between direct and indirect connections in neural circuits?
Direct connections innervate target regions directly, while indirect connections
pass through additional regions.
What is a divergent connection in neural circuits?
It conveys information from a neuron to a larger number of neurons in diverse
brain areas.
What is a convergent connection in neural circuits?
It directs output from multiple brain regions towards a single area.
What are the three primary vesicles of the neural tube?
Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, and Rhombencephalon.
What structures are derived from the prosencephalon?
Telencephalon (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala) and Diencephalon
(thalamus, hypothalamus).
What is the primary motor region of the brain?
The precentral gyrus located in the frontal lobe.
What is the primary auditory cortex and where is it located?
It is located in the superior temporal lobe.
What components make up the basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus.
What are the functions of the thalamus?
It acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex.
What is the hypothalamus responsible for?
It is involved in autonomic and endocrine functions.
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
It is involved in autonomic and endocrine functions.
What does the ventricular system of the brain consist of?
It consists of two C-shaped lateral ventricles divided into five parts: anterior horn,
body, inferior horn, posterior horn, and atrium.
What connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?
The foramina of Monro (interventricular foramina).
What is the function of the cerebral aqueduct?
It connects the third ventricle with the fourth ventricle in the pons and medulla.
What fills the ventricular system?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
What is the choroid plexus and its function?
It makes 70% of CSF and is located in the lateral ventricles and the roof of the
third and fourth ventricles.
What is the Blood CSF Barrier?
It is formed by ependymal cells with tight junctions that prevent leakage of
substances into the CSF.
What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
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CSF cushions the brain, maintains the extracellular environment, and correlates
with substances in the brain.
What is the composition of CSF?
It contains low levels of protein, glucose, and potassium, and relatively high
concentrations of sodium and chloride.
What is the significance of amyloid beta 1-42 and total tau in CSF?
They are biomarkers used to examine the progression from mild cognitive
impairment due to Alzheimer's disease.
What is the structure of the cerebral cortex?
It is a laminated sheet of neurons covering the cerebral hemispheres, consisting
of 22 billion neurons and 165 trillion synapses.
What are the four types of cortical structures in the cerebral cortex?
Allocortex, paleocortex, archicortex, and neocortex.
What is the primary cell type in the neocortex?
Pyramidal neurons, which make up 75% of the cortical neurons.
What neurotransmitter do nonpyramidal (stellate) neurons primarily use?
GABA, which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
What are chandelier cells and their function?
They are a class of nonpyramidal neurons that synapse exclusively with the initial
axon segments of pyramidal cells.
What is the role of the neocortex in sensory processing?
It is involved in processing complex stimuli and mediating higher cognitive
functions.
What are the two regions of the neocortex?
Homotypical cortex (6 layers) and heterotypical cortex (does not have full 6
layers).
What are associational fibers in the brain?
Fibers that connect different cortical areas within the same hemisphere.
What are commissural fibers?
Fibers that connect cortical areas between the two hemispheres.
What is the central executive network?
A network involved in attention, working memory, and decision-making, including
the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
What is the salience network's function?
It responds to the relevance of incoming information and acts as a switch
between the central executive network and the default mode network.
What anatomical differences exist between the left and right hemispheres?
The planum temporale is larger in the left hemisphere, and Wernicke's area is
localized to the left hemisphere.
What is the significance of Broca's area in the left hemisphere?
It contains larger pyramidal neurons compared to the same area in the right
hemisphere.
What is the primary function of the insula?
Associated with interoception, bodily awareness, self-recognition, emotional
awareness, and integration of interoceptive information and emotions.
What brain regions form the Default Mode Network?
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