Bio 207 Final Exam Questions and Verified
Answers
opportunistic pathogens Correct Answer: microbes that are part of normal
"healthy" microbiota, but which can cause disease following a perturbation of a
compromised host (ex. disease, wound, medication, etc.)
mucociliary escalator Correct Answer: the ciliated mucous lining of the trachea,
bronchi, and bronchioles
Vibrio cholerae Correct Answer: bacteria in intestine that survives due to its lesser
acidity
Helicobacter pylori Correct Answer: bacteria that grows in the mucous layer of the
stomach and generates ammonia to raise the pH and can cause gastric ulcers or
cancer
starch utilization systems (Sus) Correct Answer: systems encoded by the genome to
bind, transport, and degrade large starch molecules
Paneth cells Correct Answer: specialized secretory epithelial cells in the small
intestinal crypts. They secrete antimicrobial peptides and immunomodulating
proteins that function to regulate the composition of the intestinal microbiome
bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Correct Answer: gram negative, anaerobic bacterium;
one of the most common bacteria in the human gut and also an opportunistic
pathogen; breaks down complex carbohydrates into products that can be absorbed
by the body
dysbiosis Correct Answer: imbalance in or perturbation of microbiome composition,
often associated with reduced diversity, change in metabolic functions, loss of
beneficial microbes, increase in pathogens
, pseudomembranous entercolitis Correct Answer: a disease caused by Clostridioides
difficile; is the result of dysbiosis that can be caused by antibiotic treatment killing
off competing microbes
probiotics Correct Answer: live cultures ingested to restore a natural microbial
balance
microbiome-modulating interventions Correct Answer: synbiotics, prebiotics,
probiotics, etc.
short chain fatty acids Correct Answer: main metabolites produced by the
microbiota in the large intestine through the anaerobic fermentation of indigestible
polysaccharides such as dietary fiber and resistant starch
CAZymes Correct Answer: carbohydrate active enzymes that target polysaccharides
from terrestrial plants that dominated diet through human evolution
GABA Correct Answer: major inhibitory neurotransmitter of mammalian central
nervous system. modulates plain reception, brain development, and behavior.
Produced by gut microbes
cytokines Correct Answer: small cell-signaling molecules that are secreted by cells
of the immune system and have an effect of other cells
enteroendocrine cells Correct Answer: Epithelial cells of the small intestine that
sense and detect intestinal microbiota and microbial metabolites. They secrete
peptide hormones and cytokines to the surrounding immune cells to modulate
innate and adaptive immune systems.
Innate (nonadaptive) immunity Correct Answer: -barriers to infection
- nonspecific responses to destroy invading cells
- present at birth
adaptive immunity Correct Answer: -reaction to a specific antigen
Answers
opportunistic pathogens Correct Answer: microbes that are part of normal
"healthy" microbiota, but which can cause disease following a perturbation of a
compromised host (ex. disease, wound, medication, etc.)
mucociliary escalator Correct Answer: the ciliated mucous lining of the trachea,
bronchi, and bronchioles
Vibrio cholerae Correct Answer: bacteria in intestine that survives due to its lesser
acidity
Helicobacter pylori Correct Answer: bacteria that grows in the mucous layer of the
stomach and generates ammonia to raise the pH and can cause gastric ulcers or
cancer
starch utilization systems (Sus) Correct Answer: systems encoded by the genome to
bind, transport, and degrade large starch molecules
Paneth cells Correct Answer: specialized secretory epithelial cells in the small
intestinal crypts. They secrete antimicrobial peptides and immunomodulating
proteins that function to regulate the composition of the intestinal microbiome
bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Correct Answer: gram negative, anaerobic bacterium;
one of the most common bacteria in the human gut and also an opportunistic
pathogen; breaks down complex carbohydrates into products that can be absorbed
by the body
dysbiosis Correct Answer: imbalance in or perturbation of microbiome composition,
often associated with reduced diversity, change in metabolic functions, loss of
beneficial microbes, increase in pathogens
, pseudomembranous entercolitis Correct Answer: a disease caused by Clostridioides
difficile; is the result of dysbiosis that can be caused by antibiotic treatment killing
off competing microbes
probiotics Correct Answer: live cultures ingested to restore a natural microbial
balance
microbiome-modulating interventions Correct Answer: synbiotics, prebiotics,
probiotics, etc.
short chain fatty acids Correct Answer: main metabolites produced by the
microbiota in the large intestine through the anaerobic fermentation of indigestible
polysaccharides such as dietary fiber and resistant starch
CAZymes Correct Answer: carbohydrate active enzymes that target polysaccharides
from terrestrial plants that dominated diet through human evolution
GABA Correct Answer: major inhibitory neurotransmitter of mammalian central
nervous system. modulates plain reception, brain development, and behavior.
Produced by gut microbes
cytokines Correct Answer: small cell-signaling molecules that are secreted by cells
of the immune system and have an effect of other cells
enteroendocrine cells Correct Answer: Epithelial cells of the small intestine that
sense and detect intestinal microbiota and microbial metabolites. They secrete
peptide hormones and cytokines to the surrounding immune cells to modulate
innate and adaptive immune systems.
Innate (nonadaptive) immunity Correct Answer: -barriers to infection
- nonspecific responses to destroy invading cells
- present at birth
adaptive immunity Correct Answer: -reaction to a specific antigen
