NGWA
National Groundwater Assocation - answer
Water well defined - answerDrilled, cored, bored, washed, dug, driven, jetted
excavation, constructed for extracting groundwater.
Cable tool drill string - answerSocket, jars, stem, and drill bit.
Drill String - answerEntire column of string or drill pipe,drill collars, and accessories that
transmit fluid and/or rotational power from Kelly(top head drive) to the drill collars and
bit.
Rotary Drill string - answerDrill bit, Drill collar (stabilizer), Drill pipe, Kelly (top head)
Porosity - answerThe percentage of void spaces or holes in geologic formation. The
amount of connected pore spaces
Barite - answerbarium sulfate (BaSO4), a mineral used to increase the weight of drilling
fluid (mud); its specific gravity is 4.2
Air Rotary Drilling - answera method of rotary drilling that uses compressed air as the
circulating medium; compressed air at high uphole velocity removes the cuttings
Surfactants - answerImprove flushing of cuttings from bit. Used in air-based drilling to
produce foam during well drilling, also well development to disaggregate clays
2.31 - answerUnit of energy constant to overcome gravity. Head calculation 2.31 X
40psi = 92.4' of lift. 600' / 2.31 = 260psi
Well Development - answera procedure to facilitate the removal of fine solids and
materials from the water-bearing zone of a water well to optimize production
Well Development Methods - answerChemical, Over pumping, Rawhiding (Washing
and backwashing), Mechanical Surging, Jetting, Air surging.
Over Pumping - answerWell Development method; involves pumping well at a much
higher rate than it will be pumped during well evacuation or sampling.
Rawhiding (washing and back washing) - answerWell Development method, involves
pumping water to the top of the well then allowing it to flow back through the intake of
the pump, breaking up the bridge of sediments only around the pump intake.
, Mechanical Surging - answerWell Development method, involves attaching a surging
block to the drill rod that fits well inside diameter, then dropping the block rapidly, forcing
the water back up into the surrounding aquifer. In the recovery stroke water is lifted
back into the well allowing fine sediments to flow from the aquifer.
Jetting - answerWell Development method, involves attaching a surging block like tool
with jetting nozzles, then with an external water pressure supply jet the water back into
the well screen with in the well where it is most needed.
Air Surging - answerWell Development method, involves injecting air into the borehole
such that aerated slugs of water are lifted irregularly out the top of the well casing. Air
pressure may be cycled on and off to create a surging action desirable in well
development. Sufficient air pressure will result in a continuous flow of aerated water out
the top of the well, removing sediment and fine particles from the borehole.
Chemical Well development - answerWell Development method, involves using
approved chemicals, to breakup mud cakes, and flush out gelled muds, used in
conjunction with other methods. Chemical treatment can be used to break down drilling
fluids, clays and polymers. Acids are often used for improving the yield in limestone,
dolomite and other calcium carbonate formations.
Cable Tool Bailors - answer-Flat Bottom (Open bailer)
-Dart Valve (Valve Bailer)
-Sand Pump (double valve)
Bit Dressing (cable tool) - answerto sharpen a dull cable tool bit. The bit is heated
(forged) and hammered to obtain the proper shape and gauge, then reheated and
hardened (tempered).
Rotary Bit Dressing - answerSharpening buttons to correct gauge, Grinding down outer
gauge to fit hole
Well Screen - answera pre-manufactured perforated interval of a well that allows water
to pass from the aquifer into the well through designed slots or perforations. The well
screen also provides structural support to stabilize the borehole. Numerous types of
screens are available, and selection of the appropriate screen type depends on the
specific hydrogeologic conditions and the specific application for which the well is to be
used. Casing perforations, such as mill slots or Mills knife cuts, provide the same
function as a well screen. Well screen types include wire-wrap screen, louvered screen,
and bridge slot screen
Common Fishing tools - answerOvershot, Fishing Jars, Friction Socket, Combination
Socket, Latch Jack, Spear, Tapered Tap, Horn Socket, Junk Basket
Junk Basket - answera fishing tool used to retrieve smaller, irregular-shaped objects
from a well or borehole
National Groundwater Assocation - answer
Water well defined - answerDrilled, cored, bored, washed, dug, driven, jetted
excavation, constructed for extracting groundwater.
Cable tool drill string - answerSocket, jars, stem, and drill bit.
Drill String - answerEntire column of string or drill pipe,drill collars, and accessories that
transmit fluid and/or rotational power from Kelly(top head drive) to the drill collars and
bit.
Rotary Drill string - answerDrill bit, Drill collar (stabilizer), Drill pipe, Kelly (top head)
Porosity - answerThe percentage of void spaces or holes in geologic formation. The
amount of connected pore spaces
Barite - answerbarium sulfate (BaSO4), a mineral used to increase the weight of drilling
fluid (mud); its specific gravity is 4.2
Air Rotary Drilling - answera method of rotary drilling that uses compressed air as the
circulating medium; compressed air at high uphole velocity removes the cuttings
Surfactants - answerImprove flushing of cuttings from bit. Used in air-based drilling to
produce foam during well drilling, also well development to disaggregate clays
2.31 - answerUnit of energy constant to overcome gravity. Head calculation 2.31 X
40psi = 92.4' of lift. 600' / 2.31 = 260psi
Well Development - answera procedure to facilitate the removal of fine solids and
materials from the water-bearing zone of a water well to optimize production
Well Development Methods - answerChemical, Over pumping, Rawhiding (Washing
and backwashing), Mechanical Surging, Jetting, Air surging.
Over Pumping - answerWell Development method; involves pumping well at a much
higher rate than it will be pumped during well evacuation or sampling.
Rawhiding (washing and back washing) - answerWell Development method, involves
pumping water to the top of the well then allowing it to flow back through the intake of
the pump, breaking up the bridge of sediments only around the pump intake.
, Mechanical Surging - answerWell Development method, involves attaching a surging
block to the drill rod that fits well inside diameter, then dropping the block rapidly, forcing
the water back up into the surrounding aquifer. In the recovery stroke water is lifted
back into the well allowing fine sediments to flow from the aquifer.
Jetting - answerWell Development method, involves attaching a surging block like tool
with jetting nozzles, then with an external water pressure supply jet the water back into
the well screen with in the well where it is most needed.
Air Surging - answerWell Development method, involves injecting air into the borehole
such that aerated slugs of water are lifted irregularly out the top of the well casing. Air
pressure may be cycled on and off to create a surging action desirable in well
development. Sufficient air pressure will result in a continuous flow of aerated water out
the top of the well, removing sediment and fine particles from the borehole.
Chemical Well development - answerWell Development method, involves using
approved chemicals, to breakup mud cakes, and flush out gelled muds, used in
conjunction with other methods. Chemical treatment can be used to break down drilling
fluids, clays and polymers. Acids are often used for improving the yield in limestone,
dolomite and other calcium carbonate formations.
Cable Tool Bailors - answer-Flat Bottom (Open bailer)
-Dart Valve (Valve Bailer)
-Sand Pump (double valve)
Bit Dressing (cable tool) - answerto sharpen a dull cable tool bit. The bit is heated
(forged) and hammered to obtain the proper shape and gauge, then reheated and
hardened (tempered).
Rotary Bit Dressing - answerSharpening buttons to correct gauge, Grinding down outer
gauge to fit hole
Well Screen - answera pre-manufactured perforated interval of a well that allows water
to pass from the aquifer into the well through designed slots or perforations. The well
screen also provides structural support to stabilize the borehole. Numerous types of
screens are available, and selection of the appropriate screen type depends on the
specific hydrogeologic conditions and the specific application for which the well is to be
used. Casing perforations, such as mill slots or Mills knife cuts, provide the same
function as a well screen. Well screen types include wire-wrap screen, louvered screen,
and bridge slot screen
Common Fishing tools - answerOvershot, Fishing Jars, Friction Socket, Combination
Socket, Latch Jack, Spear, Tapered Tap, Horn Socket, Junk Basket
Junk Basket - answera fishing tool used to retrieve smaller, irregular-shaped objects
from a well or borehole
