Pathophysiology NU545--Unit 2--Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ipfd8e
1. Pineal Gland: (epithalamus) has connections and functions closely associated with those of the limbic system
-Keeps you awake.
-hormones secreted from pineal gland influence reproductive ability
-secretes Melatonin associated with circadian rhythms
2. Prefrontal Area: -Controlling thought
-short-term memory -elaboration of thought
-inhibition of limbic (emotional) areas of CNS
3. Broca Area: -Controlling motor aspects of speech
-inferior edge of premotor area on the inferior frontal gyrus
-usually on left hemisphere
4. Wernicke Area: -Controlling receptive and interpretive aspects of speech
-located on the superior temporal gyrus
-Dysfunction may result in receptive aphasia or dysphasia
5. Hypothalamus: -Controlling emotions and behavior
-maintains constant internal environment
-integrative centers control ANS function
-regulates body temp., endocrine functions, and emotional expression
6. Cerebellum: -Maintaining balance and posture, controls conscious and unconscious muscle synergy
-accomplished through extensive neural connections from the spinal cord and medulla oblongota through the inferior
cerebellar peduncle and with the midbrain and higher structures through the superior cerebellar peduncle.
7. Arachnoid Villi: -protrude form the arachnoid space, through dura mater, and lie within the blood flow of the
venous sinuses
-CSF is reabsorbed by means of a pressure gradient between the arachnoid villi and the cerebral venous sinuses
-Function as one-way valves directing CSF outflow into the blood and preventing blood flow into the subarachnoid
space
8. CSF: -derived from blood and returns to blood after circulating throughout the CNS
9. Parkinson's Disease: -Degenerative disorder of basal ganglia (corpus striatum, globus Pallidus, subthal-
amic nucleus, and substantia nigra)
-loss of dopaminergic pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra with dopaminergic defeciency of the putamen
-loss of dopamine also occurs in brainstem, thalamus, and cortex
10. Parkinson's Disease: -Results in underactivity of the direct motor pathway (normally facilitates movement)
and overactivity of the indirect motor loop (normally inhibits movement)
, Pathophysiology NU545--Unit 2--Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ipfd8e
11. Hunington's Disease: -known as chorea
-Rare, hereditary-degenerative disorder diffusely involving the basal ganglia (caudate and putamen nuclei) and the
frontal cortex
-Degeneration leaves enlarged lateral ventricles
12. CSF: -clear, colorless fluid similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid
-protects intracranial structures and spinal cord structures from jolts and blows
-prevents tugging on meninges, nerve roots, and blood vessels
13. CSF: -produced in choroid plexus in the lateral 3rd and 4th ventricles
-is reabsorbed into the venous circulation through arachnoid villi, located primarily located superior to the falx cerebri
in the superior sagittal sinus
14. Gate Control Theory: -Pain is transmission is modulated by a balance of impulses transmitted to the
spinal cord by large A-Delta an C fibers
-small fiber input inhibits cells in the substantia gelatinosa "opens the pain gate" enhancing pain perception
-Does not explain phantom limb pain
15. A-Delta fibers: -Well localized, sharp pain sensations - are important in initiating rapid reactions to stimuli
(fast pain)
-Nerve action potentials generated by excitation of nociceptors travel down this fiber type to reach the spinal cord
16. C-Fibers: -(Unmyelinated C polymodal nociceptors) responsible for the transmission of diffuse burning or
aching sensations (slow pain)
-Nerve action potentials generated by excitation of nociceptors travel on this fiber type to reach the spinal cord.
17. Nocioceptors: -Primary order neurons, free nerve endings in the afferent peripheral nervous system that
selectively respond to different chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli
-Categorized by the stimulus they respond to and properties of axons associated with them.
18. A-Beta Fibers: -large myelinated fibers that transmit tough and vibration sensations
-Do not transmit pain but play a role in pain modulation.
19. Pain perception: -Conscious awareness of pain .
20. Sensory-Discriminative system: -Mediated by the somatosensory cortex and is responsible for
identifying the presence, character, location, and intensity of pain.
21. Affective-motivational system: -Determines an individual's conditioned avoidance behaviors and
emotional responses to pain.
-Is mediated through the reticular formation, limbic system,and brainstem with projections to the prefrontal cortex.
, Pathophysiology NU545--Unit 2--Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ipfd8e
22. Cognitive-Evaluative system: -Overlies the individual's learned behavior concerning the experiences
of pain and can modulate perception of pain.
-Mediated through the cerebral cortex.
23. Acute pain: -A protective mechanism that alerts an individual to a condition or experience that is immediately
harmful to the body and mobilizes the individual to take prompt action to relieve it; transient, usually lasting seconds
to days; begins suddenly and relieved after the chemical mediators that stimulate pain receptors are removed.
-arises from cutaneous an deep somatic tissue, or from visceral organs and can be classified as acute somatic, acute
visceral, and referred
24. Somatic pain: -Superficial, arising from connective tissue, muscle or bone, and skin.
-It is either sharp and well localized or dull, aching, throbbing, and poorly localized as seen in polymodal C fiber
transmission
25. Visceral pain: -Refers to pain in internal organs and the lining of body cavities with an aching, gnawing,
throbbing, or intermittent cramping quality.
-Transmitted by sympathetic afferent and is poorly localized because of the lesser number of nocioceptors in the visceral
structures
-Associated with nausea/ vomiting, Hypotension, restlessness, and in some cases shock
26. Referred pain: -Pain that is felt in an area removed or distant from its point of origin.
-Impulses from many cutaneous and visceral neurons converge on the same ascending neuron, and the brain cannot
distinguish between the two.
-ie.-shoulder from myocardial infarction, pain in the back from pancreatic or renal disease, and pain in the right
shoulder form an inflamed gallbladder
27. Chronic Pain: -Usually defined as lasting at least 3 months and well beyond the expected healing time
following the initial onset of tissue damage or injury.
-Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated brain changes in those with chronic pain that may lead to cognitive deficits
and decreased ability to cope with pain.
-Can produce siginificant behavioral and psychological changes (depression, difficulty sleeping, and eating)
28. Cancer Pain: -Often chronic and associated with neuropathies
29. Neuropathic Pain: -Results from primary injury to the peripheral or central nervous system and is not the
result of pain signaling from peripheral tissues or organs
30. Peripheral neuropathic pain: -Caused by peripheral nerve trauma, diabetic or alcohol abuse-induced
neuropathy, carcinoma, nutritional deficiencies, and HIV
31. Central Neuropathic pain: - Caused by a lesion or dysfunction in the CNS
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ipfd8e
1. Pineal Gland: (epithalamus) has connections and functions closely associated with those of the limbic system
-Keeps you awake.
-hormones secreted from pineal gland influence reproductive ability
-secretes Melatonin associated with circadian rhythms
2. Prefrontal Area: -Controlling thought
-short-term memory -elaboration of thought
-inhibition of limbic (emotional) areas of CNS
3. Broca Area: -Controlling motor aspects of speech
-inferior edge of premotor area on the inferior frontal gyrus
-usually on left hemisphere
4. Wernicke Area: -Controlling receptive and interpretive aspects of speech
-located on the superior temporal gyrus
-Dysfunction may result in receptive aphasia or dysphasia
5. Hypothalamus: -Controlling emotions and behavior
-maintains constant internal environment
-integrative centers control ANS function
-regulates body temp., endocrine functions, and emotional expression
6. Cerebellum: -Maintaining balance and posture, controls conscious and unconscious muscle synergy
-accomplished through extensive neural connections from the spinal cord and medulla oblongota through the inferior
cerebellar peduncle and with the midbrain and higher structures through the superior cerebellar peduncle.
7. Arachnoid Villi: -protrude form the arachnoid space, through dura mater, and lie within the blood flow of the
venous sinuses
-CSF is reabsorbed by means of a pressure gradient between the arachnoid villi and the cerebral venous sinuses
-Function as one-way valves directing CSF outflow into the blood and preventing blood flow into the subarachnoid
space
8. CSF: -derived from blood and returns to blood after circulating throughout the CNS
9. Parkinson's Disease: -Degenerative disorder of basal ganglia (corpus striatum, globus Pallidus, subthal-
amic nucleus, and substantia nigra)
-loss of dopaminergic pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra with dopaminergic defeciency of the putamen
-loss of dopamine also occurs in brainstem, thalamus, and cortex
10. Parkinson's Disease: -Results in underactivity of the direct motor pathway (normally facilitates movement)
and overactivity of the indirect motor loop (normally inhibits movement)
, Pathophysiology NU545--Unit 2--Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ipfd8e
11. Hunington's Disease: -known as chorea
-Rare, hereditary-degenerative disorder diffusely involving the basal ganglia (caudate and putamen nuclei) and the
frontal cortex
-Degeneration leaves enlarged lateral ventricles
12. CSF: -clear, colorless fluid similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid
-protects intracranial structures and spinal cord structures from jolts and blows
-prevents tugging on meninges, nerve roots, and blood vessels
13. CSF: -produced in choroid plexus in the lateral 3rd and 4th ventricles
-is reabsorbed into the venous circulation through arachnoid villi, located primarily located superior to the falx cerebri
in the superior sagittal sinus
14. Gate Control Theory: -Pain is transmission is modulated by a balance of impulses transmitted to the
spinal cord by large A-Delta an C fibers
-small fiber input inhibits cells in the substantia gelatinosa "opens the pain gate" enhancing pain perception
-Does not explain phantom limb pain
15. A-Delta fibers: -Well localized, sharp pain sensations - are important in initiating rapid reactions to stimuli
(fast pain)
-Nerve action potentials generated by excitation of nociceptors travel down this fiber type to reach the spinal cord
16. C-Fibers: -(Unmyelinated C polymodal nociceptors) responsible for the transmission of diffuse burning or
aching sensations (slow pain)
-Nerve action potentials generated by excitation of nociceptors travel on this fiber type to reach the spinal cord.
17. Nocioceptors: -Primary order neurons, free nerve endings in the afferent peripheral nervous system that
selectively respond to different chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli
-Categorized by the stimulus they respond to and properties of axons associated with them.
18. A-Beta Fibers: -large myelinated fibers that transmit tough and vibration sensations
-Do not transmit pain but play a role in pain modulation.
19. Pain perception: -Conscious awareness of pain .
20. Sensory-Discriminative system: -Mediated by the somatosensory cortex and is responsible for
identifying the presence, character, location, and intensity of pain.
21. Affective-motivational system: -Determines an individual's conditioned avoidance behaviors and
emotional responses to pain.
-Is mediated through the reticular formation, limbic system,and brainstem with projections to the prefrontal cortex.
, Pathophysiology NU545--Unit 2--Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ipfd8e
22. Cognitive-Evaluative system: -Overlies the individual's learned behavior concerning the experiences
of pain and can modulate perception of pain.
-Mediated through the cerebral cortex.
23. Acute pain: -A protective mechanism that alerts an individual to a condition or experience that is immediately
harmful to the body and mobilizes the individual to take prompt action to relieve it; transient, usually lasting seconds
to days; begins suddenly and relieved after the chemical mediators that stimulate pain receptors are removed.
-arises from cutaneous an deep somatic tissue, or from visceral organs and can be classified as acute somatic, acute
visceral, and referred
24. Somatic pain: -Superficial, arising from connective tissue, muscle or bone, and skin.
-It is either sharp and well localized or dull, aching, throbbing, and poorly localized as seen in polymodal C fiber
transmission
25. Visceral pain: -Refers to pain in internal organs and the lining of body cavities with an aching, gnawing,
throbbing, or intermittent cramping quality.
-Transmitted by sympathetic afferent and is poorly localized because of the lesser number of nocioceptors in the visceral
structures
-Associated with nausea/ vomiting, Hypotension, restlessness, and in some cases shock
26. Referred pain: -Pain that is felt in an area removed or distant from its point of origin.
-Impulses from many cutaneous and visceral neurons converge on the same ascending neuron, and the brain cannot
distinguish between the two.
-ie.-shoulder from myocardial infarction, pain in the back from pancreatic or renal disease, and pain in the right
shoulder form an inflamed gallbladder
27. Chronic Pain: -Usually defined as lasting at least 3 months and well beyond the expected healing time
following the initial onset of tissue damage or injury.
-Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated brain changes in those with chronic pain that may lead to cognitive deficits
and decreased ability to cope with pain.
-Can produce siginificant behavioral and psychological changes (depression, difficulty sleeping, and eating)
28. Cancer Pain: -Often chronic and associated with neuropathies
29. Neuropathic Pain: -Results from primary injury to the peripheral or central nervous system and is not the
result of pain signaling from peripheral tissues or organs
30. Peripheral neuropathic pain: -Caused by peripheral nerve trauma, diabetic or alcohol abuse-induced
neuropathy, carcinoma, nutritional deficiencies, and HIV
31. Central Neuropathic pain: - Caused by a lesion or dysfunction in the CNS
