NU 545 Unit 3
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_foxanr
1. How are water-soluble hormones transported?: Water-soluble hormones are proteins that
are polarized with a high molecular weight. Because they cannot diffuse across the lipid cell plasma membrane, they
must interact or bind with receptors in or on the cell membrane to activate a second-messenger to mediate short-acting
responses.
2. How are lipid-soluble hormones transported?: Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse freely across
the cell and nuclear membrane and bind with cytosolic or nuclear receptors. (can also bind with receptors in or on the
plasma membrane)
3. know how protein hormones are transported in the blood: peptide or protein hor-
mones are water-soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms
4. why do water soluble hormones have a short half-life?: because they are catabolized by
circulating enzymes. Remember they are unbound.
5. How long can lipid-soluble hormones remain in the blood?: For hours to days. They
last longer in the blood because they are bound to carrier/transport proteins.
6. only free hormones can do what?: initiate changes within a target cell
7. How does the concentration of binding proteins affect the concentration of
free hormones in the plasma?: because equilibrium exists between the concentration of free hormones
and hormones bound to plasma proteins
8. What are the two main functions of the target cell hormone receptor?: 1. To
recognize and bind with high affinity to their particular hormones
2. To initiate a signal to appropriate intracellular effectors
*when a hormone is released into the circulatory system, it is distributed throughout the body, but only those cells with
appropriate hormone receptors for that hormone are affected.
9. what is oxytocin?: a polypeptide hormone synthesized in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of
the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is implicated in behavior responses, especially in women. Oxytocin plays a role in brain
responsiveness to stressful stimuli, especially in the pregnant and postpartum states.
10. How does oxytocin relate to the pituitary gland?: the posterior pituitary stores and secretes
oxytocin.
Once synthesized, oxytocin is packaged in secretory vesicles along with its neurophysin and moved down the axons of
the pituitary stalk to the pars nervosa for storage.
11. Release of oxytocin is mediated by what?: cholinergic and adrenergic neurotransmitters. the
major stimulus for release is glutamate.
, NU 545 Unit 3
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_foxanr
12. Where is oxytocin secreted and what are its effects?: it is secreted from the posterior
pituitary. Oxytocin is responsible for the contraction of the uterus and milk ejection in lactating women and may affect
sperm motility in men. Oxytocin is released in response to suckling (oxytocin binds to receptors on myoepithelial cells
in the mammary tissue and cause contraction causing milk expression or let down reflex) and distention of the uterus
(oxytocin stimulates contractions with a positive feedback loop).
13. Where is ADH secreted?: ADH is produced in the hypothalmus and secreted by the posterior pituitary.
ADH and the posterior pituitary regulate osmolality.
14. Where does ADH act?: ADH acts on vasopressin (V2) receptors of the renal tubular cells to increase their
permeability, which leads to increased water absorption in the blood stream, increasing the concentration of urine and
reducing serum osmolality.
15. what causes ADH to be secreted?: when plasma osmolality increases, the osmoreceptors of the
hypothalamus are stimulated- the rate of ADH secretion is increased causing more water to be absorbed by the kidneys-
the plasma osmolality returns to its set point (280 mOsm/kg)
16. How does ADH effect electrolytes?: ADH does not directly effect electrolytes but due to the
dilutional effect of increasing water absorption, serum electrolytes may decrease
17. How does the body detect volume loss in order to stimulate receptors to
release ADH?: Baroreceptors in the L Atrium, carotid arteries, and aortic arch detect changes in intravascular
volume. Once a volume loss of 7-25% is detected, receptors are stimulated.
18. What can cause secretion of ADH?: stress, trauma, pain, exercise, nausea, nicotine, exposure to
heat, and drugs (morphine)
19. when does ADH secretion decrease?: when plasma osmolality decreases/returns to normal,
intravascular volume increases, with HTN, an increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II, and alcohol ingestion.
20. How does ADH affect blood pressure?: ADH acts on vasopressin (V1) receptors which cause
vasoconstriction, - increasing blood pressure
21. What is the target tissue and action of Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
(TRH)?: Anterior pituitary
Stimulates release of TSH and Modulates prolactin secretion
22. What is the target tissue and action of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GRH)?: Anterior pituitary
Stimulates release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
23. What is the target tissue and action of Somatostatin?: Anterior pituitary
Inhibits release of growth hormone(GH) and TSH
, NU 545 Unit 3
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_foxanr
24. What is the target tissue and action of Growth hormone-releasing hormone
(GHRH)?: Anterior pituitary
Stimulates release of GH
25. What is the target tissue and action of Corticotropin-releasing hormone
(CRH)?: Anterior pituitary
Stimulates release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and B-endorphin
26. What is the target tissue and action of Substance P?: Anterior pituitary
inhibits synthesis and release of ACTH
Stimulates secretion of GH, FSH, LH, and prolactin
27. What is the target tissue and action of Dopamine?: Anterior pituitary
Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
28. What is the target tissue and action of Prolactin-releasing (PRH)?: Anterior pitu-
itary
Stimulates secretion of prolactin
29. What is the target tissue and action of Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)?: -
Anterior pituitary
Inhibits secretion of prolactin
30. What is the target organ and function of ACTH?: Adrenal gland (cortex)
Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol and androgenic hormones)
Synthesis of adrenal proteins contributing to maintenance of the adrenal gland
31. What is the target organ and function of Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
(MSH)?: Anterior Pituitary
Promotes secretion of melanin and lipotropin by anterior pituitary, makes skin darker
32. What is the target organ and function of GH?: Muscle, bone, liver
Regulates metabolic processes related to growth and adaptation to physical and emotional stressors, muscle growth,
increased protein synthesis, increased liver glycogenolysis, increased fat mobilization.
liver- induces formation of somatomedins, or insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) that have actions similar to insulin
33. What is the target organ and function of Prolactin?: Breast
Milk production
34. What is the target organ and function of TSH?: Thyroid gland
Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_foxanr
1. How are water-soluble hormones transported?: Water-soluble hormones are proteins that
are polarized with a high molecular weight. Because they cannot diffuse across the lipid cell plasma membrane, they
must interact or bind with receptors in or on the cell membrane to activate a second-messenger to mediate short-acting
responses.
2. How are lipid-soluble hormones transported?: Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse freely across
the cell and nuclear membrane and bind with cytosolic or nuclear receptors. (can also bind with receptors in or on the
plasma membrane)
3. know how protein hormones are transported in the blood: peptide or protein hor-
mones are water-soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms
4. why do water soluble hormones have a short half-life?: because they are catabolized by
circulating enzymes. Remember they are unbound.
5. How long can lipid-soluble hormones remain in the blood?: For hours to days. They
last longer in the blood because they are bound to carrier/transport proteins.
6. only free hormones can do what?: initiate changes within a target cell
7. How does the concentration of binding proteins affect the concentration of
free hormones in the plasma?: because equilibrium exists between the concentration of free hormones
and hormones bound to plasma proteins
8. What are the two main functions of the target cell hormone receptor?: 1. To
recognize and bind with high affinity to their particular hormones
2. To initiate a signal to appropriate intracellular effectors
*when a hormone is released into the circulatory system, it is distributed throughout the body, but only those cells with
appropriate hormone receptors for that hormone are affected.
9. what is oxytocin?: a polypeptide hormone synthesized in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of
the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is implicated in behavior responses, especially in women. Oxytocin plays a role in brain
responsiveness to stressful stimuli, especially in the pregnant and postpartum states.
10. How does oxytocin relate to the pituitary gland?: the posterior pituitary stores and secretes
oxytocin.
Once synthesized, oxytocin is packaged in secretory vesicles along with its neurophysin and moved down the axons of
the pituitary stalk to the pars nervosa for storage.
11. Release of oxytocin is mediated by what?: cholinergic and adrenergic neurotransmitters. the
major stimulus for release is glutamate.
, NU 545 Unit 3
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_foxanr
12. Where is oxytocin secreted and what are its effects?: it is secreted from the posterior
pituitary. Oxytocin is responsible for the contraction of the uterus and milk ejection in lactating women and may affect
sperm motility in men. Oxytocin is released in response to suckling (oxytocin binds to receptors on myoepithelial cells
in the mammary tissue and cause contraction causing milk expression or let down reflex) and distention of the uterus
(oxytocin stimulates contractions with a positive feedback loop).
13. Where is ADH secreted?: ADH is produced in the hypothalmus and secreted by the posterior pituitary.
ADH and the posterior pituitary regulate osmolality.
14. Where does ADH act?: ADH acts on vasopressin (V2) receptors of the renal tubular cells to increase their
permeability, which leads to increased water absorption in the blood stream, increasing the concentration of urine and
reducing serum osmolality.
15. what causes ADH to be secreted?: when plasma osmolality increases, the osmoreceptors of the
hypothalamus are stimulated- the rate of ADH secretion is increased causing more water to be absorbed by the kidneys-
the plasma osmolality returns to its set point (280 mOsm/kg)
16. How does ADH effect electrolytes?: ADH does not directly effect electrolytes but due to the
dilutional effect of increasing water absorption, serum electrolytes may decrease
17. How does the body detect volume loss in order to stimulate receptors to
release ADH?: Baroreceptors in the L Atrium, carotid arteries, and aortic arch detect changes in intravascular
volume. Once a volume loss of 7-25% is detected, receptors are stimulated.
18. What can cause secretion of ADH?: stress, trauma, pain, exercise, nausea, nicotine, exposure to
heat, and drugs (morphine)
19. when does ADH secretion decrease?: when plasma osmolality decreases/returns to normal,
intravascular volume increases, with HTN, an increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II, and alcohol ingestion.
20. How does ADH affect blood pressure?: ADH acts on vasopressin (V1) receptors which cause
vasoconstriction, - increasing blood pressure
21. What is the target tissue and action of Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
(TRH)?: Anterior pituitary
Stimulates release of TSH and Modulates prolactin secretion
22. What is the target tissue and action of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GRH)?: Anterior pituitary
Stimulates release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
23. What is the target tissue and action of Somatostatin?: Anterior pituitary
Inhibits release of growth hormone(GH) and TSH
, NU 545 Unit 3
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_foxanr
24. What is the target tissue and action of Growth hormone-releasing hormone
(GHRH)?: Anterior pituitary
Stimulates release of GH
25. What is the target tissue and action of Corticotropin-releasing hormone
(CRH)?: Anterior pituitary
Stimulates release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and B-endorphin
26. What is the target tissue and action of Substance P?: Anterior pituitary
inhibits synthesis and release of ACTH
Stimulates secretion of GH, FSH, LH, and prolactin
27. What is the target tissue and action of Dopamine?: Anterior pituitary
Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
28. What is the target tissue and action of Prolactin-releasing (PRH)?: Anterior pitu-
itary
Stimulates secretion of prolactin
29. What is the target tissue and action of Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)?: -
Anterior pituitary
Inhibits secretion of prolactin
30. What is the target organ and function of ACTH?: Adrenal gland (cortex)
Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol and androgenic hormones)
Synthesis of adrenal proteins contributing to maintenance of the adrenal gland
31. What is the target organ and function of Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
(MSH)?: Anterior Pituitary
Promotes secretion of melanin and lipotropin by anterior pituitary, makes skin darker
32. What is the target organ and function of GH?: Muscle, bone, liver
Regulates metabolic processes related to growth and adaptation to physical and emotional stressors, muscle growth,
increased protein synthesis, increased liver glycogenolysis, increased fat mobilization.
liver- induces formation of somatomedins, or insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) that have actions similar to insulin
33. What is the target organ and function of Prolactin?: Breast
Milk production
34. What is the target organ and function of TSH?: Thyroid gland
Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
