NYSTCE ESOL CST 116 – EXAM STUDY
GUIDE 2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
Lau v. Nichols - ANSWER This 1974 Supreme Court ruled that the San Francisco Unified
School District had denied Chinese-speaking students' rights to equal educational opportunities;
the ruling stated that schools receiving federal funds must provide programs to address the
language needs of non-English-speaking students.
total physical response (TPR) - ANSWER an instructional method that provides students,
particularly beginning language learners, with the opportunity to acquire language skills by
listening to and following spoken comands
bound morpheme - ANSWER a morpheme that must be attached to a word to have
meaning
sociolinguistics - ANSWER the study of language and its relation to society and culture
sheltered instruction - ANSWER provides ELLs with access to appropriate, grade-level
content while supporting their need for ongoing language instruction
Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado - ANSWER 1973 Supreme Court decision
ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, giving Latino students the same rights ascribed to desegregation
as had only previously been given to African American students
,infinitive phrase - ANSWER a verbal phrase that may act as a noun, an adjective, or an
adverb
extrinsic motivation - ANSWER motivation driven by external rewards
English Language Proficiency (ELP) standards - ANSWER identify the target language
development skills an English learner is expected to meet in the context of instruction that is
appropriately scaffolded for optimal learning
discourse competence - ANSWER the ability to effectively arrange smaller units of language
like phrases and sentences into cohesive works like letters, speeches, conversations, and articles
clause - ANSWER contains both a subject and a predicate
relative pronoun - ANSWER a pronoun that begins a dependent clause (e.g. "which" - I live
in Texas, which is a big state.)
utterances - ANSWER speech acts of one or more words that contain a single idea and are
surrounded on both sides by silence
indirect teaching - ANSWER student-centered instruction in which the teacher facilitates
opportunities for students to construct their own learning
linguistic relativism - ANSWER the belief that language only partially influences human
thought and action
, WIDA - ANSWER (World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment) a consortium of states
that promotes research, standards, and professional development to support ELLs in academics
and language learning
thematic unit - ANSWER integrating curricula across content areas under a general theme
antecedent - ANSWER the noun a pronoun replaces
cloze procedure - ANSWER the practice of omitting words from the text as a reading
comprehension activity
differentiation - ANSWER providing curriculum for students based on their individual needs,
including learning styles and level
induction - ANSWER process by which learners figure out the rules of the language as they
acquire speaking and listening skills, learning through a combined process of imitation and trial
and error
listening guides - ANSWER statements or questions that provide instructional focus when
listening to a lecture or other form of auditory instruction
Language Experience Approach (LEA) - ANSWER uses learners' prior knowledge and
experiences to generate specific lessons that are designed to enhance the learning of each
individual student
cooperative learning - ANSWER when the teacher places students into small groups and
gives them a task to complete together
, discovery learning - ANSWER when students perform experiments or research information
to comprehend new concepts
diagnostic assessment - ANSWER given before a learning experience to measure the
students' baseline knowledge
cognates - ANSWER visually similar words
schema - ANSWER the framework of understanding in a child's brain
underextension - ANSWER when a child's definition of a word is too narrow
strategic competence - ANSWER the ability to recognize and repair breakdowns in
communication through strategic planning and/or redirecting
guided practice - ANSWER practicing a new concept with scaffolded support from the
teacher
English-Language Learner (ELL) - ANSWER student whose native language is not English
monochronic cultures - ANSWER culture in which time is seen as linear, with one event
happening at a time
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA) - ANSWER federal law that
prohibits schools from sharing identifiable information about students
GUIDE 2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
Lau v. Nichols - ANSWER This 1974 Supreme Court ruled that the San Francisco Unified
School District had denied Chinese-speaking students' rights to equal educational opportunities;
the ruling stated that schools receiving federal funds must provide programs to address the
language needs of non-English-speaking students.
total physical response (TPR) - ANSWER an instructional method that provides students,
particularly beginning language learners, with the opportunity to acquire language skills by
listening to and following spoken comands
bound morpheme - ANSWER a morpheme that must be attached to a word to have
meaning
sociolinguistics - ANSWER the study of language and its relation to society and culture
sheltered instruction - ANSWER provides ELLs with access to appropriate, grade-level
content while supporting their need for ongoing language instruction
Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado - ANSWER 1973 Supreme Court decision
ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, giving Latino students the same rights ascribed to desegregation
as had only previously been given to African American students
,infinitive phrase - ANSWER a verbal phrase that may act as a noun, an adjective, or an
adverb
extrinsic motivation - ANSWER motivation driven by external rewards
English Language Proficiency (ELP) standards - ANSWER identify the target language
development skills an English learner is expected to meet in the context of instruction that is
appropriately scaffolded for optimal learning
discourse competence - ANSWER the ability to effectively arrange smaller units of language
like phrases and sentences into cohesive works like letters, speeches, conversations, and articles
clause - ANSWER contains both a subject and a predicate
relative pronoun - ANSWER a pronoun that begins a dependent clause (e.g. "which" - I live
in Texas, which is a big state.)
utterances - ANSWER speech acts of one or more words that contain a single idea and are
surrounded on both sides by silence
indirect teaching - ANSWER student-centered instruction in which the teacher facilitates
opportunities for students to construct their own learning
linguistic relativism - ANSWER the belief that language only partially influences human
thought and action
, WIDA - ANSWER (World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment) a consortium of states
that promotes research, standards, and professional development to support ELLs in academics
and language learning
thematic unit - ANSWER integrating curricula across content areas under a general theme
antecedent - ANSWER the noun a pronoun replaces
cloze procedure - ANSWER the practice of omitting words from the text as a reading
comprehension activity
differentiation - ANSWER providing curriculum for students based on their individual needs,
including learning styles and level
induction - ANSWER process by which learners figure out the rules of the language as they
acquire speaking and listening skills, learning through a combined process of imitation and trial
and error
listening guides - ANSWER statements or questions that provide instructional focus when
listening to a lecture or other form of auditory instruction
Language Experience Approach (LEA) - ANSWER uses learners' prior knowledge and
experiences to generate specific lessons that are designed to enhance the learning of each
individual student
cooperative learning - ANSWER when the teacher places students into small groups and
gives them a task to complete together
, discovery learning - ANSWER when students perform experiments or research information
to comprehend new concepts
diagnostic assessment - ANSWER given before a learning experience to measure the
students' baseline knowledge
cognates - ANSWER visually similar words
schema - ANSWER the framework of understanding in a child's brain
underextension - ANSWER when a child's definition of a word is too narrow
strategic competence - ANSWER the ability to recognize and repair breakdowns in
communication through strategic planning and/or redirecting
guided practice - ANSWER practicing a new concept with scaffolded support from the
teacher
English-Language Learner (ELL) - ANSWER student whose native language is not English
monochronic cultures - ANSWER culture in which time is seen as linear, with one event
happening at a time
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA) - ANSWER federal law that
prohibits schools from sharing identifiable information about students
