NYSTCE CST 245 (Arts and Sciences) –
EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
CORRECT ANSWERS || 100%
GUARANTEED PASS
Agricultural Revolution - ANSWER A period of agricultural development between the 18th
century and the end of the 19th century, which saw a massive and rapid increase in agricultural
productivity and vast improvements in farm technology.
Capitalism - ANSWER An economic system in which the means of production, distribution,
and exchange are privately controlled, so that individual profit is obtained through labor and
capital investment.
Checks and Balances - ANSWER Extension of the separation of powers doctrine, under
which each branch of a government can (if necessary) counter the actions or decisions of the
other branches.
Civil Rights - ANSWER The nonpolitical rights of citizens, such as liberty and equality.
Civilization - ANSWER A complex society that possesses a degree of historical and cultural
unity.
Common Good - ANSWER Benefits, or beneficial conditions, for all members of a group.
,Communism - ANSWER Classless political system in which citizens gain control over the
means of production, and goods are available to all as needed so that wealth becomes relatively
evenly distributed.
Culture - ANSWER Knowledge, beliefs, practices, and values shared by a society at a
particular time.
Democracy - ANSWER Political system based on self-rule, in which government consists of
representatives freely elected by citizens.
Federalism - ANSWER Political system in which authority is both central and localized.
- example: the U.S system in which both federal and state governments have partially
independent authority.
Feudalism - ANSWER Social organization during the Middle Ages based on reciprocal
obligations among lords, vassals, and fiefs.
Industrial Revolution - ANSWER A period during the 18th and 19th centuries in which
predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban.
Information Revolution - ANSWER Development in technology (such as computers, digital
communication, microchips) in the second half of the 20th century that has led to dramatic
reduction in the cost of obtaining, processing, storing, and transmitting information in all forms
(texts, graphs, audio, video).
Jim Crow Laws - ANSWER State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern
United States.
, Mercantilism - ANSWER Dominant approach to economy in Europe during the 16th-18th
centuries which assumed that the government would tightly control national economy by
increasing exports, restricting imports, and acquiring capital.
Monarchy - ANSWER Political system that reflects the absolute sovereignty of a single
individual. Monarchial systems both overlap with and can be distinguished from aristocrats,
dictatorships, oligarchies, and plutocracies.
Nation - ANSWER Group of people distinguished by common identity and government.
Nation-State - ANSWER State that provides a sovereign territory for a single nation.
Nationalism - ANSWER The belief that the activities and obligations of citizens should be
defined in terms of a single national identity.
Natural Rights - ANSWER Rights that are universal, an automatic for all humans that precede
all other rights.
Opportunity Cost - ANSWER A benefit, profit, or value of something that must be given up
to acquire or achieve something else.
Power - ANSWER Ability to influence the behaviors of others.
Productivity - ANSWER A measure of the efficiency of a person, machine, factory, system,
etc., in converting inputs into useful outputs.
Prejudice - ANSWER Negative attitudes towards members of a group, resulting from mirror
membership in the group.
, - racism, sexism, ageism
Scarcity - ANSWER Ever-present situation in all markets whereby either less goods are
available than the demand for them, or only too little money is available to their potential
buyers for making the purchase.
Scientific Revolution - ANSWER Historical changes in thought and belief, to changes in social
and institutional organization, that unfolded in Europe roughly between 1550-1700.
- Nicholas Copernicus: asserted helio-centric (sun centered) cosmos
- Isaac Newton: proposed universal laws
Socialism - ANSWER Political system that reflects collective ownership of the means of
production and the distribution of goods, resulting in a relatively even distribution of wealth.
Society - ANSWER Group of people who reside in a particular territory. A society may have
its own culture and may/may not be a part of a civilization.
Supply and Demand - ANSWER The amount of a product which is available and the amount
which is wanted by customers
Unitary State - ANSWER Political system, also known as a non-federal system, in which
authority is centralized. Authority may be transferred to lower levels, but these levels do not
maintain independent authority.
Economics - ANSWER The study of how people produce, distribute, and use resources to
satisfy their wants and needs.
Barter - ANSWER Direct exchange of goods and services without the use of money.
EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
CORRECT ANSWERS || 100%
GUARANTEED PASS
Agricultural Revolution - ANSWER A period of agricultural development between the 18th
century and the end of the 19th century, which saw a massive and rapid increase in agricultural
productivity and vast improvements in farm technology.
Capitalism - ANSWER An economic system in which the means of production, distribution,
and exchange are privately controlled, so that individual profit is obtained through labor and
capital investment.
Checks and Balances - ANSWER Extension of the separation of powers doctrine, under
which each branch of a government can (if necessary) counter the actions or decisions of the
other branches.
Civil Rights - ANSWER The nonpolitical rights of citizens, such as liberty and equality.
Civilization - ANSWER A complex society that possesses a degree of historical and cultural
unity.
Common Good - ANSWER Benefits, or beneficial conditions, for all members of a group.
,Communism - ANSWER Classless political system in which citizens gain control over the
means of production, and goods are available to all as needed so that wealth becomes relatively
evenly distributed.
Culture - ANSWER Knowledge, beliefs, practices, and values shared by a society at a
particular time.
Democracy - ANSWER Political system based on self-rule, in which government consists of
representatives freely elected by citizens.
Federalism - ANSWER Political system in which authority is both central and localized.
- example: the U.S system in which both federal and state governments have partially
independent authority.
Feudalism - ANSWER Social organization during the Middle Ages based on reciprocal
obligations among lords, vassals, and fiefs.
Industrial Revolution - ANSWER A period during the 18th and 19th centuries in which
predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban.
Information Revolution - ANSWER Development in technology (such as computers, digital
communication, microchips) in the second half of the 20th century that has led to dramatic
reduction in the cost of obtaining, processing, storing, and transmitting information in all forms
(texts, graphs, audio, video).
Jim Crow Laws - ANSWER State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern
United States.
, Mercantilism - ANSWER Dominant approach to economy in Europe during the 16th-18th
centuries which assumed that the government would tightly control national economy by
increasing exports, restricting imports, and acquiring capital.
Monarchy - ANSWER Political system that reflects the absolute sovereignty of a single
individual. Monarchial systems both overlap with and can be distinguished from aristocrats,
dictatorships, oligarchies, and plutocracies.
Nation - ANSWER Group of people distinguished by common identity and government.
Nation-State - ANSWER State that provides a sovereign territory for a single nation.
Nationalism - ANSWER The belief that the activities and obligations of citizens should be
defined in terms of a single national identity.
Natural Rights - ANSWER Rights that are universal, an automatic for all humans that precede
all other rights.
Opportunity Cost - ANSWER A benefit, profit, or value of something that must be given up
to acquire or achieve something else.
Power - ANSWER Ability to influence the behaviors of others.
Productivity - ANSWER A measure of the efficiency of a person, machine, factory, system,
etc., in converting inputs into useful outputs.
Prejudice - ANSWER Negative attitudes towards members of a group, resulting from mirror
membership in the group.
, - racism, sexism, ageism
Scarcity - ANSWER Ever-present situation in all markets whereby either less goods are
available than the demand for them, or only too little money is available to their potential
buyers for making the purchase.
Scientific Revolution - ANSWER Historical changes in thought and belief, to changes in social
and institutional organization, that unfolded in Europe roughly between 1550-1700.
- Nicholas Copernicus: asserted helio-centric (sun centered) cosmos
- Isaac Newton: proposed universal laws
Socialism - ANSWER Political system that reflects collective ownership of the means of
production and the distribution of goods, resulting in a relatively even distribution of wealth.
Society - ANSWER Group of people who reside in a particular territory. A society may have
its own culture and may/may not be a part of a civilization.
Supply and Demand - ANSWER The amount of a product which is available and the amount
which is wanted by customers
Unitary State - ANSWER Political system, also known as a non-federal system, in which
authority is centralized. Authority may be transferred to lower levels, but these levels do not
maintain independent authority.
Economics - ANSWER The study of how people produce, distribute, and use resources to
satisfy their wants and needs.
Barter - ANSWER Direct exchange of goods and services without the use of money.
