NURS 405 - Final Exam Study Guide | 2026 Update
Questions with complete solutions.
level 1
level of evidence hierarchy: summarizes more than one study
level 2
level of evidence hierarchy: manipulation of the independent variable, randomization, and
control group
level 3
level of evidence hierarchy: manipulation of the independent variable, but NO randomization or
control group
level 4
level of evidence hierarchy: NO manipulation of the independent variable
level 5
level of evidence hierarchy: systematic review of lower level research, includes syntheses
level 6
level of evidence hierarchy: includes descriptive research
level 7
level of evidence hierarchy: sources come from authority figures
,1. summaries
2. synopses
3. meta-analyses
4. systematic reviews of RCTs
5. clinical practice guidelines
types of evidence in level 1 of the hierarchy of evidence (5)
1. randomized control trials
types of evidence in level 2 of the hierarchy of evidence (1)
1. quasi-experimental designs
types of evidence in level 3 of the hierarchy of evidence (1)
1. correlational studies
2. cohort
3. case-control
4. quantitative data from mixed method designs
5. cross-sectional
types of evidence in level 4 of the hierarchy of evidence (5)
1. integrative reviews
2. meta-synthesis
types of evidence in level 5 of the hierarchy of evidence (2)
1. single descriptive study/descriptive survey design
2. single qualitative studies
,3. qualitative data from mixed method designs
4. EBP projects
5. QI projects
6. case series
7. case studies
8. concept analysis
types of evidence in level 6 of the hierarchy of evidence (8)
1. narrative review
2. opinion of authorities
types of evidence in level 7 of the hierarchy of evidence (2)
summaries (level 1)
type of evidence: appraisal of information from a particular practice question
synopses (level 1)
type of evidence: overview of key points of evidence from multiple sources
meta-analysis (level 1)
type of evidence: statistical process of analyzing and combining results from several similar
studies
meta-analysis (level 1)
type of evidence: generates an effect size
systematic review (level 1)
, type of evidence: gathers all available evidence by using systematic methods to obtain answers to
a specific question
clinical practice guidelines (level 1)
type of evidence: recommendations formulated from systematic reviews by the experts
randomized control trial (level 2)
type of evidence: random assignment to groups and manipulation of the independent variable
quasi-experimental design (level 3)
type of evidence: manipulation of the independent variable, but lacks randomization to
experimental and control group
correlational studies (level 4)
type of evidence: studies the relationships between two variables
cohort (level 4)
type of evidence: subgroup of the population is studied, observes patterns of disease in
populations
cohort (level 4)
A researcher chooses a group of adults that includes smokers and nonsmokers, and then
compares subsequent lung cancer incidence in the two groups
what type of study does this represent?
cohort (level 4)
Questions with complete solutions.
level 1
level of evidence hierarchy: summarizes more than one study
level 2
level of evidence hierarchy: manipulation of the independent variable, randomization, and
control group
level 3
level of evidence hierarchy: manipulation of the independent variable, but NO randomization or
control group
level 4
level of evidence hierarchy: NO manipulation of the independent variable
level 5
level of evidence hierarchy: systematic review of lower level research, includes syntheses
level 6
level of evidence hierarchy: includes descriptive research
level 7
level of evidence hierarchy: sources come from authority figures
,1. summaries
2. synopses
3. meta-analyses
4. systematic reviews of RCTs
5. clinical practice guidelines
types of evidence in level 1 of the hierarchy of evidence (5)
1. randomized control trials
types of evidence in level 2 of the hierarchy of evidence (1)
1. quasi-experimental designs
types of evidence in level 3 of the hierarchy of evidence (1)
1. correlational studies
2. cohort
3. case-control
4. quantitative data from mixed method designs
5. cross-sectional
types of evidence in level 4 of the hierarchy of evidence (5)
1. integrative reviews
2. meta-synthesis
types of evidence in level 5 of the hierarchy of evidence (2)
1. single descriptive study/descriptive survey design
2. single qualitative studies
,3. qualitative data from mixed method designs
4. EBP projects
5. QI projects
6. case series
7. case studies
8. concept analysis
types of evidence in level 6 of the hierarchy of evidence (8)
1. narrative review
2. opinion of authorities
types of evidence in level 7 of the hierarchy of evidence (2)
summaries (level 1)
type of evidence: appraisal of information from a particular practice question
synopses (level 1)
type of evidence: overview of key points of evidence from multiple sources
meta-analysis (level 1)
type of evidence: statistical process of analyzing and combining results from several similar
studies
meta-analysis (level 1)
type of evidence: generates an effect size
systematic review (level 1)
, type of evidence: gathers all available evidence by using systematic methods to obtain answers to
a specific question
clinical practice guidelines (level 1)
type of evidence: recommendations formulated from systematic reviews by the experts
randomized control trial (level 2)
type of evidence: random assignment to groups and manipulation of the independent variable
quasi-experimental design (level 3)
type of evidence: manipulation of the independent variable, but lacks randomization to
experimental and control group
correlational studies (level 4)
type of evidence: studies the relationships between two variables
cohort (level 4)
type of evidence: subgroup of the population is studied, observes patterns of disease in
populations
cohort (level 4)
A researcher chooses a group of adults that includes smokers and nonsmokers, and then
compares subsequent lung cancer incidence in the two groups
what type of study does this represent?
cohort (level 4)
