Page | 1
CISSN EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS| ACE YOUR GRADES|
MACRONUTRIENTS, ERGOGENIC AIDS,
BODY COMPOSITION, PERFORMANCE
NUTRITION & PHYSIOLOGY.
Biotin - correct answer -A B-complex vitamin known as vitamin H.
Biotin cannot be synthesized by the body and must be a part of
our diet. Is a cofactor in the carboxylases and plays a role in FA
synthesis, gluconeogenesis, leucine metabolism, and metabolism
of various AA, cholesterol, and odd-chain FA.
Folate - correct answer -A B-complex vitamin known as folic acid.
It is a cofactor in the transfer of one-carbon units. Folate accepts
and donates carbon, indicating its importance in nucleic acid and
amino acid metabolism. No ergogenic effects of folate
supplementation have been noted.
B6 - correct answer -B6 is found in the body as pyridoxal,
pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP),
pyridoxine 5'-phosphate, and pyrodoxamine 5'-phosphate. PLP is
the active coenzyme in the boy and is vital to human metabolism.
PLP is a coenzyme for glycogen phosphorylase, which releases
muscle glycogen for energy production in the form of glucose.
, Page | 2
PLP is active in gluconeogenesis, and in the production of
serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and GABA. B6
supplementation does not appear to improve aerobic
performance.
Pantothenic acid - correct answer -A B-complex vitamin known as
vitamin B5. The major contribution of PA to human metabolism is
its role as a component of Coenzyme A. CoA is critical in
generation of ATP from macronutrients, and the synthesis of
essential fats, cholesterol, and acetylcholine. PA has been shown
to decrease blood lactate and O2 consumption, but no improved
aerobic performance.
Niacin - correct answer -A B-complex vitamin known as vitamin
B3. In the body it is utilized in the forms of nicotinic acid,
nictinamide, NAD, and NADP. NAD and NADP are coenzymes
required by roughly 200 enzymes, are exceptional electron
donors, and are essential in the catabolism of all the
macronutrients as well as the synthesis of fatty acids and
cholesterol.
Although Niacin supplementation has been shown to reduce FFA
and increase CHO oxidation, it has not been shown to increase
performance
, Page | 3
Riboflavin - correct answer -A B-complex vitamin known as
vitamin B2. It is a primary component of the coenzymes FAD and
flavin mononucleotide. Flavins are critical in the metabolism of all
macronutrients and plays an antioxidant role. Hydrogen peroxide
can be broken down by the antioxidant enzyme glutathione
peroxidase in the presence of reduced glutathione.
The FAD dependent enzyme, xanthine oxidase, is use to produce
uric acid, which at physiological concentrations, contributes to the
total antioxidant capacity of the blood plasma more than any other
compound including vitamins C and E.
There is no research to indicate Riboflavin as a performance
enhancer
Thiamin - correct answer -A B-complex vitamin known as vitamin
B1. In the body, it can exist as free or phosphorylated thiamin
(monophosphate, triphosphate, and pyrophosphate).
Triphosphate is found in high concentrations in nerve and muscle
cells and can activate ion channels allowing the flow of sodium
and calcium. The coenzyme TPP is important in mitochondrial
functions.
Theoretically, as thiamin is required for energy production in the
Krebs cycle and pentose phosphate pathway, supplementation
could increase aerobic performance. However, thiamin deficiency
is not common and research has not proven that excess thiamin
enhances performance
, Page | 4
Vitamin E - correct answer -Vitamin E refers to a group of
antioxidants including the tocopherols and tocotrienols. They both
have an alpha, beta, gamma, and delta form, with alpha
tocopherol being the most active form in the body. Vitamin E
serves as a powerful antioxidant by scavenging peroxyl radicals
and inhibiting liped peroxidation in cell membranes (oxidative
damage)
Vitamin E may attenuate exercise-induced damage, however no
evidence exists that indicates vitamin E supplementation
improves performance.
Vitamin A - correct answer -Vitamin A encompasses a group of
compounds including the retinoids (retinol, retinal, and retinoic
acid). Retinol can be produced from beta-carotene and other
carotenoids, which are antioxidants that neutralize free radicals
such as singlet oxygen and peroxyl radicals. Because vitamins A
anc C are more powerful antioxidants, supplementation is not
warranted with respect to redox control.
Vitamin D - correct answer -Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is the
primary for used in the body. Cholesterol can be converted into 7-
dehyrdocholesterol, a precursor to D3. UV light converts 7-
dehyrdocholesterol into VD3 in the skin. No performance
enhancement has been observed with VD supplementation.
CISSN EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS| ACE YOUR GRADES|
MACRONUTRIENTS, ERGOGENIC AIDS,
BODY COMPOSITION, PERFORMANCE
NUTRITION & PHYSIOLOGY.
Biotin - correct answer -A B-complex vitamin known as vitamin H.
Biotin cannot be synthesized by the body and must be a part of
our diet. Is a cofactor in the carboxylases and plays a role in FA
synthesis, gluconeogenesis, leucine metabolism, and metabolism
of various AA, cholesterol, and odd-chain FA.
Folate - correct answer -A B-complex vitamin known as folic acid.
It is a cofactor in the transfer of one-carbon units. Folate accepts
and donates carbon, indicating its importance in nucleic acid and
amino acid metabolism. No ergogenic effects of folate
supplementation have been noted.
B6 - correct answer -B6 is found in the body as pyridoxal,
pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP),
pyridoxine 5'-phosphate, and pyrodoxamine 5'-phosphate. PLP is
the active coenzyme in the boy and is vital to human metabolism.
PLP is a coenzyme for glycogen phosphorylase, which releases
muscle glycogen for energy production in the form of glucose.
, Page | 2
PLP is active in gluconeogenesis, and in the production of
serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and GABA. B6
supplementation does not appear to improve aerobic
performance.
Pantothenic acid - correct answer -A B-complex vitamin known as
vitamin B5. The major contribution of PA to human metabolism is
its role as a component of Coenzyme A. CoA is critical in
generation of ATP from macronutrients, and the synthesis of
essential fats, cholesterol, and acetylcholine. PA has been shown
to decrease blood lactate and O2 consumption, but no improved
aerobic performance.
Niacin - correct answer -A B-complex vitamin known as vitamin
B3. In the body it is utilized in the forms of nicotinic acid,
nictinamide, NAD, and NADP. NAD and NADP are coenzymes
required by roughly 200 enzymes, are exceptional electron
donors, and are essential in the catabolism of all the
macronutrients as well as the synthesis of fatty acids and
cholesterol.
Although Niacin supplementation has been shown to reduce FFA
and increase CHO oxidation, it has not been shown to increase
performance
, Page | 3
Riboflavin - correct answer -A B-complex vitamin known as
vitamin B2. It is a primary component of the coenzymes FAD and
flavin mononucleotide. Flavins are critical in the metabolism of all
macronutrients and plays an antioxidant role. Hydrogen peroxide
can be broken down by the antioxidant enzyme glutathione
peroxidase in the presence of reduced glutathione.
The FAD dependent enzyme, xanthine oxidase, is use to produce
uric acid, which at physiological concentrations, contributes to the
total antioxidant capacity of the blood plasma more than any other
compound including vitamins C and E.
There is no research to indicate Riboflavin as a performance
enhancer
Thiamin - correct answer -A B-complex vitamin known as vitamin
B1. In the body, it can exist as free or phosphorylated thiamin
(monophosphate, triphosphate, and pyrophosphate).
Triphosphate is found in high concentrations in nerve and muscle
cells and can activate ion channels allowing the flow of sodium
and calcium. The coenzyme TPP is important in mitochondrial
functions.
Theoretically, as thiamin is required for energy production in the
Krebs cycle and pentose phosphate pathway, supplementation
could increase aerobic performance. However, thiamin deficiency
is not common and research has not proven that excess thiamin
enhances performance
, Page | 4
Vitamin E - correct answer -Vitamin E refers to a group of
antioxidants including the tocopherols and tocotrienols. They both
have an alpha, beta, gamma, and delta form, with alpha
tocopherol being the most active form in the body. Vitamin E
serves as a powerful antioxidant by scavenging peroxyl radicals
and inhibiting liped peroxidation in cell membranes (oxidative
damage)
Vitamin E may attenuate exercise-induced damage, however no
evidence exists that indicates vitamin E supplementation
improves performance.
Vitamin A - correct answer -Vitamin A encompasses a group of
compounds including the retinoids (retinol, retinal, and retinoic
acid). Retinol can be produced from beta-carotene and other
carotenoids, which are antioxidants that neutralize free radicals
such as singlet oxygen and peroxyl radicals. Because vitamins A
anc C are more powerful antioxidants, supplementation is not
warranted with respect to redox control.
Vitamin D - correct answer -Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is the
primary for used in the body. Cholesterol can be converted into 7-
dehyrdocholesterol, a precursor to D3. UV light converts 7-
dehyrdocholesterol into VD3 in the skin. No performance
enhancement has been observed with VD supplementation.
