Page | 1
CISSN STUDY GUIDE 2026 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS| ACE YOUR GRADES|
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY, SUPPLEMENTS,
MACRONUTRIENTS, HORMONES,
RECOVERY & ENERGY SYSTEMS.
What is the female trait? - correct answer -a syndrome in which
eating disorders, amenorrhea and decreased bone mineral
density are present
Which skeletal muscle protein determines the contractility? -
correct answer -myosin
How much protein should athletes consume after an intense
training regimen? - correct answer -- 28 (according to the book
but in truth it varies quite a lot)
Supplementation with glutamine and phosphatidylserine is use to
counteract the effects of which catabolic hormone? - correct
answer -cortisol
, Page | 2
Increased insulin sensitivity and improved glucose metabolism
are benefits of what supplement? - correct answer -chromium
What is the primary active ingredient of Bitter Orange or Cirtus
Auranitum? - correct answer -a. Acts primarily on B-3 receptors,
which are responsible for lipolytic and thermogenic effects
B. Synephrine and octopamine
What is the required dose for beta-alanine for ergogenic effects -
correct answer -a. Naturally occurring A.A., rate limiting precursor
to Carnosine
B. 3.2-6.4 g/day 60 min before exercise on an empty stomach
Which buffer is responsible for regulating the acid-base balance in
the kidneys and intracellular fluids? - correct answer -bicarbonate
What happens during the first few weeks of resistance training,
when accompanied by creatine supplementation? - correct
answer -increased muscle mass, sprint performance, glycogen
synthesis, increased work capacity, enhanced recover
, Page | 3
What type of fatty acid contains two or more double bonds along
the carbon chain? - correct answer -polyunsaturated fats
What are the effects of protein together with exercise? - correct
answer -addition of protein can have added benefits by reducing
muscle degradation and speeding recovery, will enhance insulin
response
What is the main energy system used for sprints less than 10
seconds? - correct answer -phosphagen
ATP-CP system
What is the primary fate of lactate upon cessation of intense
exercise - correct answer -a. It is oxidized, converted to its salt,
lactate, by buffering systems in the muscle and blood
B. Lactate is used in gluconeogensis, the formation of glucose
from lactate and non-carbohydrate sources during extended
exercise and recovery
What is the difference between motor unit recruitment and rate
coding - correct answer -a. Recruitment
, Page | 4
-henneman size principle
-motor units are recruited from smallest to largest
-slow twitch to fast twitch recruitment
B. Rate coding
-frequency
Which vitamins play a role in body's metabolism? - correct answer
-B vitamins are essential in
A) increasing the rate of metabolism
E.g: riboflavin, B6, B12, pantothenic acid, & vitamin C
Significant decrease in endurance capacity with a B complex
deficiency
Understand oxidative stress and free radicals - correct answer -A
free radical is an oxygen containing molecule that has one or
more unpaired electrons, making it highly reactive with other
molecules
Oxidative stress is essentially an imbalance between the
production of free radicals and the ability of the body to counteract
or detoxify their harmful effects through neutralization by
antioxidants.
CISSN STUDY GUIDE 2026 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS| ACE YOUR GRADES|
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY, SUPPLEMENTS,
MACRONUTRIENTS, HORMONES,
RECOVERY & ENERGY SYSTEMS.
What is the female trait? - correct answer -a syndrome in which
eating disorders, amenorrhea and decreased bone mineral
density are present
Which skeletal muscle protein determines the contractility? -
correct answer -myosin
How much protein should athletes consume after an intense
training regimen? - correct answer -- 28 (according to the book
but in truth it varies quite a lot)
Supplementation with glutamine and phosphatidylserine is use to
counteract the effects of which catabolic hormone? - correct
answer -cortisol
, Page | 2
Increased insulin sensitivity and improved glucose metabolism
are benefits of what supplement? - correct answer -chromium
What is the primary active ingredient of Bitter Orange or Cirtus
Auranitum? - correct answer -a. Acts primarily on B-3 receptors,
which are responsible for lipolytic and thermogenic effects
B. Synephrine and octopamine
What is the required dose for beta-alanine for ergogenic effects -
correct answer -a. Naturally occurring A.A., rate limiting precursor
to Carnosine
B. 3.2-6.4 g/day 60 min before exercise on an empty stomach
Which buffer is responsible for regulating the acid-base balance in
the kidneys and intracellular fluids? - correct answer -bicarbonate
What happens during the first few weeks of resistance training,
when accompanied by creatine supplementation? - correct
answer -increased muscle mass, sprint performance, glycogen
synthesis, increased work capacity, enhanced recover
, Page | 3
What type of fatty acid contains two or more double bonds along
the carbon chain? - correct answer -polyunsaturated fats
What are the effects of protein together with exercise? - correct
answer -addition of protein can have added benefits by reducing
muscle degradation and speeding recovery, will enhance insulin
response
What is the main energy system used for sprints less than 10
seconds? - correct answer -phosphagen
ATP-CP system
What is the primary fate of lactate upon cessation of intense
exercise - correct answer -a. It is oxidized, converted to its salt,
lactate, by buffering systems in the muscle and blood
B. Lactate is used in gluconeogensis, the formation of glucose
from lactate and non-carbohydrate sources during extended
exercise and recovery
What is the difference between motor unit recruitment and rate
coding - correct answer -a. Recruitment
, Page | 4
-henneman size principle
-motor units are recruited from smallest to largest
-slow twitch to fast twitch recruitment
B. Rate coding
-frequency
Which vitamins play a role in body's metabolism? - correct answer
-B vitamins are essential in
A) increasing the rate of metabolism
E.g: riboflavin, B6, B12, pantothenic acid, & vitamin C
Significant decrease in endurance capacity with a B complex
deficiency
Understand oxidative stress and free radicals - correct answer -A
free radical is an oxygen containing molecule that has one or
more unpaired electrons, making it highly reactive with other
molecules
Oxidative stress is essentially an imbalance between the
production of free radicals and the ability of the body to counteract
or detoxify their harmful effects through neutralization by
antioxidants.
