A-Level EDEXCEL 2025 Geography Paper 3: (2025/2026) LATEST VERSION WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE, DETAILED ANSWERS

A-Level EDEXCEL 2025 Geography Paper 3: (2025/2026) LATEST VERSION WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE, DETAILED ANSWERS 1. Why might the level of wealth and development affect the impacts of tectonic hazards? - ANSWER - High levels of wealth can lead to more investment in preparedness, e.g. Japan's aseismic building architecture - Increasing poverty often leads to more shanty towns, which don't have proper building codes and are often built in vulnerable locations, e.g. favelas in Rio, Brazil 2. Why might geographical isolation increase a population's vulnerability? - ANSWER More isolated communities will take longer to reach with aid teams, which could increase the number of preventable deaths Why might governance affect a population's vulnerability? - ANSWER Weaker governments will lead to less preparedness: - Corruption and accusations of misspending aid loans in Haiti - 150 people died in Somalia following the 04 tsunami despite hours of warning 3. How might the level of infrastructure influence a population's vulnerability? - ANSWER - More investment in prediction and warning systems can let people evacuate earlier - Better travel infrastructure can allow aid to reach people quicker 4. How can the level of education in a population affect its vulnerability? - ANSWER - More education about the risks of tectonic hazards can lead to effective measures to protect life, such as Earthquake preparation day in Japan 5. What were the impacts of the Pinatubo eruption? - ANSWER More than 800 died, 1.2 million left homeless, $700 million in economic damage, 15-20 million tonnes of SO2 caused global cooling of 0.6 degrees Celsius and farmland was destroyed, making 650,000 lose their jobs. 6. What physical factors increased the severity of the Pinatubo eruption? - ANSWER It was a VEI 6 eruption, many settlements are built in coastal lowlands, increasing the risk of lahars, or on the steep mountainsides, increasing the risk of pyroclastic flows and tephra. Also, Typhoon Yunya had just struck, which people had not recovered from, and provided water for lahars. 7. What human factors increased the risk of the Pinatubo eruption? - ANSWER Many settlements have a high population density due to rapid urbanisation, so 25% of the population lived in poverty in sub-par housing that would collapse under ash. Also, the Aeta tribe that lived near the volcano refused to evacuate, increasing the death toll. 8. When and where did the Eyjafjallajökull eruption occur? - ANSWER 2010, on the Mid Atlantic Ridge, at a VEI 4 eruption What were the impacts of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption? - ANSWER Airlines lost $1.7 billion due to grounded flights, and over 10 million people were stranded for over a week. However, video facilities were more heavily used, increasing a global link. 800 people surrounding the volcano were evacuated 1. What physical factors increased the severity of the Eyjafjallajokull eruption? - ANSWER Large glacial deposits at the peak of the volcano were melted to create steam, heavily increasing the severity of the CO2 cloud that was released. 2. What human factors increased the severity of the Eyjafjallajokull eruption? - ANSWER The active tourist industries around the world lead to millions of people being stranded, heavily increasing the cost of the disaster. 3. When and where did the Haiti earthquake occur? - ANSWER Port-au-Prince, 2010, with a 7.0 magnitude 4. What were the impacts of the Haiti earthquake? - ANSWER 250,000 people died, 2 million people were made homeless, the poverty level jumped to 72%, and $7.8 billion worth of damage occured. 5. What physical factors increased the severity of the Haiti earthquake? - ANSWER The focus was only 13km deep and the epicentre was 24km from the capital and the steep terrain on many poorly built houses were constructed lead to landslides. 6. What human factors increased the severity of the Haiti earthquake? - ANSWER The capital was densely populated, most doctors were killed in building collapses, and most buildings were built of concrete, which collapse easily, increasing risk. 7. When and where did the NZ earthquake occur? - ANSWER Christchurch, 2011, with a 6.3 magnitude 8. What were the impacts of the Christchurch earthquake? - ANSWER 185 people died, 80% of water and sewage systems were destroyed, and 200,000 tonnes of silt were upturned due to liquefaction. 9. What physical factors increased the severity of the NZ earthquake? - ANSWER The focus was 3km deep and the epicentre was 5km from the CBD, and the loose rock types of the area lead to increased liquefaction. 10. What human factors increased the severity of the NZ earthquake? - ANSWER Houses had been built on areas of poor geology, leading to increased levels of homelessness in the short term, which could have been avoided. 11. When and where did the China earthquake occur? - ANSWER Sichuan, 2008, with a 7.9 magnitude 12. What were the impacts of the China earthquake? - ANSWER Over 70,000 people died, 5 million buildings collapses and over $86 billion worth of economic damage was sustained. 13. What physical factors increased the severity of the China earthquake? - ANSWER The focus was only 10km deep, and the mountainous relief increased the risk of landslides, which cause major damage. 14. What human factors increased the severity of the China earthquake? - ANSWER The high immediate damage led to panic, which ended more lives, and the relative poor people in comparison to the rest of China lived in houses of a poorer quality, which collapsed more easily. 15. When did the Indian Ocean Tsunami occur? - ANSWER Boxing Day, 2004, caused by a magnitude 9.1 earthquake 16. What were the impacts of the Boxing Day tsunami? - ANSWER 250,000 people died and 1.7 million were made homeless, and the tourism industry lost around $25 million/week. 17. Why was the Boxing Day tsunami so devastating? - ANSWER 10 million people lived within 1km of the coastline due to heavy coastal urbanisation, and remote islands were inaccessible, and there were few warning systems in place at the time. 18. When and were did the Japan tsunami occur? - ANSWER Tohoku, 2011, caused by a magnitude 9.0 earthquake with a 30km deep focus 19. Why was the seawall not effective in the Tohoku tsunami? - ANSWER The waves were higher than the seawall in most instances, with a drop in sea levels beforehand, and they provided a false sense of security, lowering the amount of people that evacuated. 20. How many people died in the Tohoku tsunami? - ANSWER 18,000 - 20,000 21. How does the degree of urbanisation affect a population's vulnerability? - ANSWER - Typically, more buildings will collapse, so there is a higher risk to human life - However, if measures such as aseismic design are implemented, then the risks will be minimal How does an area's topography influence its vulnerability? - ANSWER - A mountainous area is more vulnerable to landslides, and it is difficult to build stable buildings - mountains can also funnel lahars to lower areas (e.g. Sichuan, 2008) - Flatlands are more vulnerable to flooding from tsunamis How does an area's climate influence its vulnerability? - ANSWER - Colder climates can suffer from Jokulhaups, and could leave people to hypothermia (Kashmir Earthquake) - Tropical climates are likely to suffer from floods from monsoons, and are more likely to experience tropical cyclones What is the hazard risk equation? - ANSWER Risk = hazard x vulnerability / capacity to cope What does vulnerability mean? - ANSWER A measure of the extent to which an area or population will be damaged or disrupted after a hazard What does resilience mean? - ANSWER The ability of a system to maintain processes after a hazard Why are earthquakes the hardest to predict? - ANSWER - Their distribution is somewhat certain, but mid plate earthquakes often occur. Furthermore, seismometers only provide a short notice of around a minute before P waves hit the surface What are different ways to predict and forecast a hazard? - ANSWER - Spectrometers to measure SO2 levels - Observation lights to measure ash distribution - Thermal imaging to detect movements in sub-surface magma - Seismometers detect an earthquake before it has occurred What is the Hazard Response Cycle? - ANSWER A model which shows the activities that occur in each stage with overlaps What are the four sections of the Hazard Management Cycle? - ANSWER - Response - Coping with the disaster and making affected areas safe again - e.g. search and rescue - Recovery - Dealing with immediate needs in the short term, then reducing future vulnerability in the long run - e.g. restoring permanent power vs rebuilding infrastructure - Mitigation - Taking steps to reduce the impacts of identified hazards - e.g. land use zoning - Preparation - Minimising the loss of life and property before a hazard - e.g. stockpiling aid supplies How does land use zoning lower the vulnerability of populations? - ANSWER Governments regulate how land can be used, with dangerous land being banned from use to prevent loss of lives and businesses - this may lead to the resettlement of communities away from risky areas Give an example of land-use zoning - ANSWER Christchurch - after liquefaction occurred, red yellow and green zones were identified, dictating land use for each zone How does lava flow diversion modify a hazard? - ANSWER Built barriers and dug channels can divert lava flows away from settlements What is an example of lava flow diversion? - ANSWER Mt Etna, 1983, where lava was partially diverted away from villages and cities Why is lava flow diversion mostly ineffective? - ANSWER The terrain has to be suitable, and it is difficult to predict the path of lava How does high tech monitoring reduce the vulnerability of populations? - ANSWER - Early warning systems (e.g. DART after 2004) allow rapid alerts to be sent to at risk communities - GIS can create hazard maps - Widespread use of mobile phones can help communicate warnings to large numbers of people (e.g. Tohoku, 2011) How can public education reduce the vulnerability of populations? - ANSWER - Local communities can develop specific plans, especially in countries where the government cannot reach all citizens (Thailand's Moken tribe in the 2004 tsunami) - Vulnerable people can be identified and educated (e.g. Japan's Disaster Prevention Day) How can aid modify losses from hazards? - ANSWER Aid agencies or foreign governments can help distribute healthcare or basic resources in countries even where corruption or weak governments are in place (e.g. Haiti, 2010) How can the inequality in insurance disproportionally harm people in developing communities? - ANSWER People in developed countries often cannot afford insurance, and are yet often most at risk due to a high vulnerability How can NGOs modify loss in hazards? - ANSWER NGOs are often present in all steps of the Hazard Management Cycle, and can help communities rebuild and become more resilient (e.g. Oxfam providing livestock and farming equipment in Kashmir) What are the characteristics of constructive waves? - ANSWER - Long wavelength - Low frequency - Strong swash, weak backwash - Low wave height What are the characteristics of destructive waves? - ANSWER - Short wavelength - High frequency - Weak swash, strong backwash - High wave height What coastal landforms can constructive waves help form? - ANSWER - Beaches - Sand dunes - Gentle beach profile - Berms Describe abrasion - ANSWER Transported sediment hits against cliff feet, wearing it down over time Describe corrosion - ANSWER Alkaline rocks are weak to acid mixing and neutralisation, so dissolve in acidic water Describe attrition - ANSWER Rock particles worn down by impacts Describe hydraulic action - ANSWER Air gets trapped in cliff joints by advancing waves, compressing it - when waves retreat, the air escapes and expands, increasing the size of the joint Describe how wave cut platforms and cliffs are formed - ANSWER Hydraulic action and abrasion act on the cliff foot, creating a wave cut notch, creating a cliff overhang. Eventually, the cliff becomes unstable and collapses due to gravity as an example of mass movement, forcing the cliff to retreat. The wave-cut platform is uneven with rock pools or ridges where less or more resistant rock resides. Loose material is eroded by corrosion and attrition over time. The wave-cut platform then protects the coastline as it causes waves to break earlier due to wave base friction, so energy is dissipated before it reaches the cliff Describe the cave-arch-stack-stump sequence - ANSWER Hydraulic action works on faults in a rock face, creating a cave over time. If a cave occurs in a headland, erosion may occur all the way through, creating an arch. As the arch widens through hydraulic action and abrasion, the arch becomes too heavy and unstable, forming a stack. Hydraulic action and abrasion then work on the base of the stack until it collapses and forms a stump What is longshore drift? - ANSWER The process whereby beach material is shifted laterally as a result of waves meeting the shore at an oblique angle, in the direction of the prevailing wind How does a spit form? - ANSWER Longshore drift carries sediment across a river mouth, and the strong current forces the sediment to lose energy and be deposited. Deposition does not occur all the way across as the current gets stronger the smaller area it has to pass through. A spit may become recurved as a secondary prevailing wind causes deposition How do beaches form? - ANSWER Deposition occurs as constructive waves bring sediment with a strong swash, then lose energy as they make contact with the sea floor, depositing sediment What is a tombolo? - ANSWER A spit that connects an island to the mainland What is a bar? - ANSWER When a spit forms across a bay How do cuspate forelands form? - ANSWER Longshore drift from two prevailing winds meets, and the carried sediment from both directions loses energy and is deposited, forming a triangular landform What are sediment cells? - ANSWER A closed system where sediment is recycles from sources to sinks through transfers What are sources in sediment cells? - ANSWER Cliff erosion, sub-aerial processes, weathering etc. What are sinks in sediment cells? - ANSWER Depositional landforms Describe a dune succession - ANSWER Embryo dunes form as sand gets stuck on sediment such as driftwood. Pioneer species such as marram grass colonise the embryo dunes and stabilise them, allowing them to grow larger to yellow dunes. As more plants colonise and die, a layer of humus is added to dunes, creating grey dunes. This eventually allows for the colonisation of climax species such as oak trees, forming a climax community What is a plagioclimax? - ANSWER When succession is stopped artificially, usually by humans What is mechanical weathering? - ANSWER The breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition How does freeze-thaw weathering work? - ANSWER Water enters joints and cracks in rocks and freezes, expanding. When the ice melts, a larger gap is created, allowing more water in to freeze until the rock breaks How does salt weathering occur? - ANSWER Salt crystals from sea water grow and crystallise as sea water evaporates, breaking apart the rock How does wetting and drying occur? - ANSWER Sedimentary rocks grow larger when wet and shrink when dry, causing the rocks to crack and break over time How does biological weathering occur? - ANSWER Roots from plants, or burrowing from animals, breaks down the rock How does carbonation occur? - ANSWER Acidic rain or acidic sea water combines with rocks, changing their chemical composition and weakens them Describe landslides - ANSWER A process when there are lots of exploitable joints for freeze-thaw weathering Describe rockfall - ANSWER Cliffs of over 40 degrees with strong, jointed rock are broken up Describe solifluction - ANSWER When a layer of material sits above a layer of permafrost, and the material melts and moves, then freezes again Describe slumps - ANSWER When soft materials that overlay hard materials become saturated, as the material slides What is eustatic change? - ANSWER A change in the volume of water in the oceans, globally What is isostatic change? - ANSWER A local rise or fall in land level, caused by land ice either causing land to sink, or melting land ice allowing land to rise What are two contemporary changes to sea levels? - ANSWER - Thermal expansion of water from global warming, and the melting of land ice - Tectonic uplift raising land at the coasts What is a ria? - ANSWER A drowned river valley partially flooded due to marine transgression, with a dendritic pattern - deep due to rivers having more power during ice ages, e.g. Salcombe, Devon What is a fjord? - ANSWER A drowned glacial valley, can be as deep as 1200m - they often feature waterfalls and hanging valleys - they feature a shallow threshold, which can themselves feature rocky outcrops called skerries, What are dalmatian coasts? - ANSWER Drowned bands of erodes soft rock forming valleys, with ridges of hard rock staying above the sea level, found in Croatia What are raised beaches with fossil cliffs? - ANSWER When the land level rises or sea level falls, exposing ancient cliffs Why is the risk of coastal flooding high in Bangladesh? - ANSWER - Mangrove deforestation has lowered the natural defences - Coasts are made of unconsolidated material - The Bay of Bengal causes all waves to be funnelled into a small area, increasing their power and height - Sea level rise due to thermal expansion - 1/2 the population live 10m below sea level Why might climate change increase the frequency of tropical storms and floods? - ANSWER As oceans become warmer, more oceans will meet the 26.5*C necessary for tropical cyclones to form. Furthermore, higher temperatures will lead to higher evaporation, so more floods can form from high rates of transpiration on land Who is most at risk from coastal recession on the Holderness Coast? - ANSWER Farmers, residents near the coast and conservationists Why may villages need to be relocated on the Holderness coast? - ANSWER Rapid erosion has occurred at many villages with no active intervention, such as Aldbrough, due to the groynes built at Mappleton What were the effects of the 2007 cyclone Sidr on Bangladesh? - ANSWER - It reshaped the entire coastline due to the unconsolidated material, leading to loss of housing and agricultural land - 15,000 deaths - $1.7 billion in damages - 3m storm surge What were the responses to the 2007 cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh? - ANSWER - Improved warning systems and shelters were built - Embankments were built in river deltas What were the impacts of the North Sea Storm Surge, 2013? - ANSWER - 15 people died, with 2 in the UK and 0 in the Netherlands - £100 million in damages - 3.74m storm surge What is a storm surge? - ANSWER A short term increase in sea level due to low air pressure Why were the impacts on the UK and Netherlands less than Bangladesh, despite Bangladesh experiencing a less powerful storm surge? - ANSWER - The Netherlands has Deltawerken and the UK has the Thames Barrier to protect high risk areas - Rotterdam has flood resistant architecture, such as a stadium designed to hold flood water from storm surges What is the scheme in place for the people of Kiribati, allowing them to migrate safely to other countries before the country is submerged, as countries must actively say they want the migrants? - ANSWER Migration with Dignity Which country had 20km2 of its land bought by Kiribati's President Tong to allow evacuation and food production? - ANSWER Fiji What is a drought? - ANSWER A prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall How can a drought form from the ITCZ? - ANSWER If the ITCZ fails to migrate northwards to bring monsoon season, then a drought will occur, as monsoons can bring 70% of a country's rainfall over 100 days How does the ITCZ work? - ANSWER Solar radiation warms air at the equator, causing it to rise and cause rain, in a low pressure system. Tbe risen air then travels to the tropics, cools and sinks, forming a high pressure system - Hadley Cell How do mid latitude blocking anticyclones cause droughts? - ANSWER High pressure systems can settle above the UK due to the jetstream, and force low pressure systems north or south How can El Nino cause droughts in Australia and SE Asia? - ANSWER The trade winds reverse, so warm water sloshes over to the East and the surface water in the West becomes cooler, creating a high pressure system How does La Nina cause droughts in South America? - ANSWER The trade winds become exemplified and upwellings of cold water increase, so high pressure systems form above SA What are some ways humans can exacerbate droughts? - ANSWER - Overabstraction of surface water (this lowers evaporation, lowering the amount of rainfall over time) - Rising populations leading to higher usage - Deforestation - Overgrazing How do droughts impact wetland ecosystems? - ANSWER - Reduced rainfall, so limited migration for species - Soil erosion - Reduced ability to store water and release it - Less water filtration - Decreased ability to prevent floods What is an example of a wetland ecosystem? - ANSWER The Pantanal How do droughts impact forest ecosystems? - ANSWER - Death and damage to trees and other plants - reduced ability to sequester carbon, reduced transpiration and precipitation in future - Higher chances of forest fires - Loss of biodiversity What can cause prolonged rainfall, which can lead to flooding? - ANSWER A series of mid latitude depressions What factors usually need to be met for a flood to occur? - ANSWER Soil at maximum infiltration capacity, plants unable to absorb more water, water store overflows its capacity How can snow melt lead to floods? - ANSWER Rapid increases in temperatures in Spring can cause snow melt, increasing surface run off and causing flash floods - this is an issue especially in areas with permafrost, preventing infiltration What phenomenon caused by the ITCZ can bring 70% of a country's rain over 100 days and lead to floods? - ANSWER A monsoon What would a hydrograph look like for a flood? - ANSWER Flashy, with a short lag time and steep rising limb What would a hydrograph look like for an area of drought that has received rain? - ANSWER Subdued, as the soil will have a high infiltration capacity UNLESS the soil is completely dried and hardened through desertification What human issues can exacerbate flooding? - ANSWER Urbanisation - the use of impermeable surfaces increases surface run off and decreases infiltration - usage of drainage systems allows water to reach stores very quickly Deforestation - reduces evapotranspiration and no stem flow/throughfall to slow down water + soil erosion from unstable ground can increase river sediment load and decrease the amount of water it can carry Channelisation - Increased velocity of streams means that unchanneled areas may have floods as water cannot lose energy fast enough Name some socioeconomic costs of Storm Desmond - ANSWER 40-60,000 homes had power cuts with 5200 homes flooded 40 schools were closed £5 billion total estimated cost 2 people killed What action by the Trump administration bolstered the USA's interest in the Arctic? - ANSWER Trump expressed interest in buying Greenland from Denmark, and re-opened the US Consulate in Greenland Which countries have overlapping claims in the Arctic, and are trying to prove that their continental shelves extend into the sea? - ANSWER Russia, Denmark and Canada How has Russia demonstrated Smart Power in the region? - ANSWER It has used hard power through military arctic training and the construction of 50 air bases, whilst also using Barentsburg as an economic root for claims to the land How has Russia exemplified soft power in Barentsburg? - ANSWER Using its 9 dash line, China claims 90% of the total sea, despite 4 other countries having overlapping claims What does China claim in the South China Sea? - ANSWER Using its 9 dash line, China claims 90% of the total sea, despite 4 other countries having overlapping claims Why have tensions in the South China Sea escalated? - ANSWER China has begun construction of manmade islands, on which it installs military bases (e.g. Fiery Cross island), and has begun to arrest "intruders" from other countries Why is the USA involved in the South China Sea? - ANSWER Expanding Chinese influence without backlash threatens democracy in the region, and it helps install Freedom of Navigation missions How has conflict started in Ukraine in 2013/14? - ANSWER In 2013, Ukraine held a referendum in which it rejected a bid to join the Eu in exchange for a deal with Russia for natural gas - this led to riots, which Russia exploited in 2014 when it annexed Crimea Why did the USA back Israel in the Arab-Israeli War? - ANSWER Israel was a new country formed through a western dominated UN, so if it fell it would show the weakness of western powers Name 3 pieces of land seized in the 6 day war of 1967 - ANSWER The West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights What is the current estimate for Palestinian refugees? - ANSWER 7 million What is the name for the two uprisings in Israel that led to the formation of Hamas? - ANSWER Intifada What was the name of the Palestinian authority granted partial autonomy over Palestinian territories after the Oslo Accords? - ANSWER The Palestinian Liberation Authority In what year did a revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini depose the Shah and form the Islamic Republic of Iran, led by a government formed of clergy? - ANSWER 1979 Why did Saudi Arabia get involved in the Iraqi invasion of Iran in 1980? - ANSWER Iran had begun trying to export its revolution to other middle eastern countries, which would threaten Saudi Arabia's position in the region, and Iran had begun to push back Iraq In what year did the US construct a coup, deposing the government and installing a western-aligned Shah in Iran? - ANSWER 1953 Why has Iraq had a consistent power struggle after the US invasion in 2003? - ANSWER Deposing Saddam Hussein created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war between Sunni and Shia extremists Why did Russia get involved to back up President Bashar al-Assad in Syria after the Arab Spring? - ANSWER If he was overthrown, Russia would lose its ally in the region, and would lose access to its only Mediterranean port Why has Turkey gotten involved in Syria, fighting the US-backed Kurds? - ANSWER Turkey calls them terrorists as they are fighting for autonomy and land, and their existence could fuel Turkish separatism From which 2 countries does Saudi Arabia get most of its weapons? - ANSWER The USA and UK Why did the US and Saudi Arabia first become allies in 1945? - ANSWER The US needed a stable supply of oil for development and rebuilding, whilst Saudi Arabia needed protection in the region How did Saudi Arabia respond after the US backed Israel in 1973? - ANSWER They used oil as a political weapon, limiting the US supply and causing US oil prices to quadruple What is the religious divide between Saudi Arabia and Iran? - ANSWER Saudi Arabia is a Sunni majority, whilst Iran is a Shia majority What percentage of Japan's population is foreign born? - ANSWER 2% Why does Japan keep its level of immigration purposefully low? - ANSWER Japan fears that the failed multiculturalism of Europe will transfer over, and it is trying to prevent cultural erosion Why does Australia have such a high proportion of immigrants in its population, with 27% first generation migrants and 48% first + second generation? - ANSWER - Ten Pound Pom scheme - High salaries and desirable climate - Attempts to attract skilled graduates with work experience - Uses English, which is a global language Why does Singapore have such a high proportion of migrants? - ANSWER It is reliant on high skilled labour How have remittances impacted the pattern of migration? - ANSWER It has increased the number of young workers moving to economically developed countries, but has lowered overall migration as older dependees can receive money easier How has the rising middle class impacted migration? - ANSWER More people can afford transport and planes, so more people can travel abroad for work, studies or living What is a major source of asylum seekers? - ANSWER The Syrian Civil War, as refugees flow flee Bashar al-Assad How do Syrian refugees attempt to enter the EU? - ANSWER Either through Turkey, or crossing the Mediterranean by boat into fringe Greek islands How can language impact the rate of assimilation? - ANSWER Without knowledge of the native language of a host country, accessing government help and finding a job will be extremely difficult How can religion affect the rate of assimilation? - ANSWER Religions that are different to the state religion may find it difficult to integrate, and may cause tensions with locals, leading to ethnic enclaves forming Why does Iceland have a higher linguistic unity than Singapore? - ANSWER Iceland is an isolated island with a language only spoken there, meaning many people won't move there and is often necessary to live there, whereas in Singapore, multiple languages are used in business and it has multiple state languages How did the Rwandan genocide occur? - ANSWER Belgians gave the Tutsis power when Rwanda gained independence, and years of mistreatment towards Hutus created an uprising, where 800,000 Tutsis were killed by Hutus Why did South Sudan secede from Sudan in 2012? - ANSWER There is a distinct ethnic divide between the Arab north and Saharan south, and most of the power was concentrated in Khartoum in the north Why are Ukraine's borders contested? - ANSWER - Russia annexed Crimea in 2014, despite it being ruled illegal - Russia has started an invasion of Ukraine, in which it recognised Luhansk Oblast and Donetsk Oblast as independent and they allied with Russia, despite no independence referendum being held Why do most countries not recognise the RoC (Taiwan)? - ANSWER The PRoC (China) recognise Taiwan as part of the mainland, instead of its own country, and so recognition would lead to deteriorating conditions with the PRoC, who are quintessential manufacturers and sources of rare earth minerals What did Trump do in 2016, angering the PRoC? - ANSWER He answered a phone call from the Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen from the White House, potentially recognising Taiwan Which 5 countries make up the UNSC? - ANSWER US, UK, France, Russia, and China Why is the UNSC criticised for lack of action in many cases? - ANSWER Any member has the power of veto, which can cause paralysis Which UN body can create legally binding resolutions? - ANSWER The UN Security Council (UNSC) When have Russia and China used their veto recently? - ANSWER They vetoed a ceasefire for Syria, and blocked a resolution to extend aid deliveries to Syrian civilians When has the USA used its veto recently? - ANSWER In issues related to Israel/Palestine What are the 3 actions the UNSC can take? - ANSWER Imposing sanctions, mandating peace through peacekeeping missions, and the authorisation of force What branch of the UN deals with world health? - ANSWER WHO When was the UN set up? - ANSWER 1945 How many member states make up the UN? - ANSWER 193 What recent climate change meeting in Glasgow did the UN facilitate? - ANSWER COP26 What is global governance? - ANSWER The actions of IGOs that collectively provide a framework of rules and practices that attempt to govern the behaviour of players on a global scale Why have some countries expressed their hatred of western financial IGOs through their actions? - ANSWER When they were set up, they were heavily aligned to the free market Washington Consensus, however this has relaxed somewhat nowadays Which continent had the pink tide, in which over 75% of the population was ruled by left wing rulers, shifting away from the Washington Consensus? - ANSWER South America How did Bolivia challenge the free market philosophy? - ANSWER It expelled the TNC Suez after the El Alto water crisis, it nationalised its oil and gas industries, and expelled US agencies What was Bolivia's policy called, in which it shifted away from the Washington Consensus? - ANSWER Buen Vivir How did Bolivia improve access to education under Buen Vivir? - ANSWER The policy of Juancito Pinto gave school vouchers to children to subsidise education What were the impacts of Bolivia's Buen Vivir policy? - ANSWER It reduced extreme poverty by 40%, more than doubled GDP, achieved sustainable annual growth rates of 5%, created a huge middle class and aided in income redistribution How many countries are not governed by WTO rules? - ANSWER 13 Why do some countries want to become more integrated? - ANSWER It could lead to improved political relations, free movement of labour could fix labour market shortages, the rise of neoliberalism in the west, and more trade can boost GDP Why do some countries want to become less integrated? - ANSWER Fears over loss of sovereignty, the financial commitment to some IGOs could be better spent internally, and free movement of labour could cause brain drain Why were SAPs first introduced? - ANSWER Interest rates soared in the 1980s, making debt repayments impossible for many developing economies What did SAPs want developing economies to do? - ANSWER It needed developing economies to open up domestic markets, decrease public spending, devalue their currency and reduce the role of government in domestic industries Why did SAPs fail? - ANSWER They put the economic sovereignty at risk, and countries were unable to develop sustainably, as their populations didn't become more skilled to meet higher skilled labour What negative impacts came for Jamaica after the enforced austerity during its SAP? - ANSWER The cost of living rose whilst wages stuck low, and reduced spending on public services and housing provision reduced the standard of living. This also pushed for emigration of skilled jobs, including nurses When were HIPCs (Highly Indebted Poor Countries schemes) introduced? - ANSWER 1996 How many countries received full write-offs of debts when the G8 met in 2005? - ANSWER 18 What are the conditions that need to be met to receive debt write-offs? - ANSWER Countries needed to show good financial management and a lack of corruption, whilst promising to spend the money saved from repayments on poverty reduction, education and healthcare How much of Uganda's debt was cancelled by the HIPC initiative? - ANSWER All of it, totaling $1.9 billion What impacts did the debt cancellation via the HIPC initiative have on Uganda? - ANSWER Government spending rose by 20% overall (rising by 70% in healthcare), free primary education was provided and the percentage of people with access to clean water rose from 44% to 79% What is the Montreal Protocol, and when did it come into effect? - ANSWER It was aimed at the banning of CFCs, as they were damaging the ozone, and was signed in 1987 How successful was the Montreal Protocol? - ANSWER Very successful, as it was ratified by all countries and the damage is expected to have reversed by 2070. However, there are fears the replacement chemicals are more damaging How does CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) work? - ANSWER It identifies species at risk of extinction or endangerment and tells individual governments to create legislation to protect said species How successful is CITES? - ANSWER It was signed by 182 countries, and as it is dependent on individual governments, it is flexible. However, it has been accused of not dictating endangerment for commercial interests, and cannot combat cultural demand for animal goods What does UNCLOS do? - ANSWER It sets out the boundaries of EEZs, gives landlocked nations full access to the sea tariff free, and sets out limits for countries so the sea is used responsibly How effective is UNCLOS? - ANSWER It has only been ratified by 166 countries, and it does not work in disputed areas Name 3 countries that haven't ratified UNCLOS - ANSWER USA, China, Venezuela What does the Antarctic Treaty state? - ANSWER That Antarctica is a free scientific reserve, whilst banning military action on the continent Which protocol banned mining in Antarctica? - ANSWER The Madrid Protocol of 1991 What are potential negatives of the Antarctic Treaty? - ANSWER As resource stress increases, the treaty may be seen as out of date, and the Madrid Protocol is being reviewed in 2041. Furthermore, as Antarctica has no indigenous people, issues arise over sovereignty What is a disaster? - ANSWER A realisation of a hazard, that causes significant damage to a vulnerable population What is a natural hazard? - ANSWER A perceived natural event that has the potential to threaten both life and property What is the Pressure and Release model? - ANSWER Risk = hazard + vulnerability What root causes of vulnerability does the PAR model identify? - ANSWER Limited access to power, structures or resources, as well as political or economic systems in place in a country What is a MHZ? - ANSWER A place affected by both tectonic and hydrometeorological hazards, combined with a vulnerable population What percentage of the Philippines' population is vulnerable to at least 2 hazards? - ANSWER 74% How can hydrometeorological hazards often contribute to a tectonic disaster? - ANSWER - Floods could increase the spread of waterborne diseases - Flooding could block paths for aid to travel, preventing it from reaching those who need it - Floods can destroy agricultural land, preventing farmers from creating a steady food supply, needed for a stable recovery What has happened to the number of deaths in tectonic disasters since 1960 and why? - ANSWER Despite growing populations in vulnerable countries, the overall number of deaths has decreased, due to factors such as more advanced warning systems, better education of hazards etc What has happened to the level of economic damage from tectonic disasters since 1960 and why? - ANSWER It has increased exponentially, as all countries are becoming more developed Why does North Korea remain switched off? - ANSWER It is ruled as an autocracy, and its policy of Juche includes self reliance, to preserve its culture. Due to regulations, most citizens have no access to the internet, and those who do receive a highly censored version Why does Chad remain switched off? - ANSWER - It is landlocked, making it hard to access ports to trade - It has been over reliant on oil exports and now has a shrinking GDP per capita - It only has a 23% urban population Which city in China has the nickname Airpocalypse, due to its high levels of air pollution making it unsafe for people? - ANSWER Shijiazhuang How has the River Ganges been impacted by development in India? - ANSWER Dumping of industrial waste has gone unregulated, increasing the pollution levels of the water, and killing or mutating the fish, which many people rely on for food, water and trade How has the biodiversity in Indonesia been impacted from economic development? - ANSWER Farming for palm oil in plantations has led to mass deforestation and the destruction of habitats, leading to a sharp decline in biodiversity, as well as destroying the homes of indigenous tribes Who are the Russian oligarchs? - ANSWER Businessmen that got extremely rich from purchasing the previously nationalised public services after the collapse of the USSR What was the UK Tier 1 investor visa? - ANSWER A visa that allowed investors of £2 million and over to enter the country and remain How did the Tier 1 Investor Visa change after 2015, due to claims of corruption and exploitation of the system? - ANSWER The minimum investment went up from £1 million to £2 million What has happened to the UK's Tier 1 investor visa, in light of the invasion of Ukraine? - ANSWER It has been fully scrapped Why have so many migrants moved to gulf states for skilled labour? - ANSWER The gulf states have experienced a rapid growth of wealth due to the world demand of oil, and their populations are too small to fulfil construction work, so workers are needed Which 3 countries have provided the most amount of migrants to Qatar? - ANSWER India, Nepal and Bangladesh What is the Kafala system in Qatar? - ANSWER Workers moving to Qatar must have a sponsor, who controls whether the workers can change jobs or even leave the country, migrants cannot join trade unions, and workers who defy their sponsor will be detained, fined and deported How has Qatar responded to claims of modern day slavery? - ANSWER It has abolished the Kafala system, it has allowed the unionisation of labour, it is pursuing prosecution for defying labour laws and has built housing complexes for workers Which construction projects in Qatar have led to a huge wage of low skilled labour? - ANSWER Stadiums for the 2022 world cup What evidence of cultural erosion in Papua New Guinea has there been? - ANSWER Traditional tribes have begun wearing western clothes such as T-shirts and have begun to adopt a more western diet What are some problems with GDP per capita? - ANSWER It doesn't take into account foreign earnings (like GNI), it doesn't take into account informal economies, and it doesn't take into account cost of living What does the Gender Inequality Index (GII) measure? - ANSWER Reproductive health (mortality birth rate + number of children / woman), women in positions of power and politics and equal work opportunities What does the economic sector balance measure? - ANSWER The percentage of workers in each economic sector e.g. primary, secondary and tertiary Why may Sweden be more equal than the USA, and in turn developing countries? - ANSWER - Developed social welfare systems - Free education (including degree level) - More equal rights between men and women What are the negatives of China and India's rapid growth? - ANSWER - They have grown heavily reliant on coal, which is the dirtiest fossil fuel - They have often relaxed environmental regulations for things such as deforestation, leading to environmental damage - Mining for rare earths and coal has been open cast, leading to landscape scarring How has the extraction of tar sands in Canada affected Fort McKay? - ANSWER They have embraced the economic activity, allowing there to be no unemployment and make $600 million a year How have the extraction of tar sands in Canada affected Fort Chipewyan? - ANSWER They have resisted change, and have faced pollution in their lakes which has been accused of causing high rates of rare cancers in their population What may be the effects of a more unpredictable ENSO? - ANSWER The migration of the ITCZ is often directly impacted of it, so monsoons may also become more unpredictable, as well as more unpredictable and long lasting droughts/floods in SA/Australia + SEA What are the global effects of ENSO called, that may also become more unpredictable with climate change? - ANSWER Telecommunications What is the name of Ethiopia's largest dam being constructed on the Nile, that will provide enough energy for the country, and more to export? - ANSWER The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) Why is Egypt opposed to GERD? - ANSWER Egypt is reliant on the Nile for 95% of its fresh water, and the dam will lower the Nile's volume Why does Egypt claim GERD is illegal? - ANSWER The second Nile Waters Agreement of 1959 gave Egypt most of the control over the Nile, and it has not approved the dam How does prevailing wind affect biome distribution? - ANSWER Inland areas don't receive enough moisture in air from sea, so less rainfall Drier lands found further inland, or blocked by high mountains are said to be in a 'rain shadow' Define goods - ANSWER Physical materials such as timber from trees Define services - ANSWER Are functions, e.g. how forests prevent flooding Provisional services - ANSWER Products obtained from ecosystem, e.g. food, timber, fuel wood Regulating services - ANSWER Aspects which keep the planet healthy, e.g. hydrological cycle, carbon cycle Supporting services - ANSWER Keeps ecosystem healthy in order to provide for other service, e.g. soil formation, nutrient recycling, photosynthesis and food webs Cultural services - ANSWER Aspects which benefit people either by visiting or living in a health ecosystem, e.g. recreation and tourism What is forest fragmentation? - ANSWER Segmentation of natural forest into smaller areas, typically by roads, agriculture or other human development What is being done against forest fragmentation? - ANSWER Kilum Ijim forest, Cameroon, Africa Agroforestry, crops grown between trees Ecotourism Forest has increased by 8% since project began What happened to net migration to the UK between 1997 and 2010? - ANSWER It quadrupled Name some companies that have set up in the Cambridge Science Park? - ANSWER AstraZeneca and Philips How do science parks attract firms? - ANSWER They provide purpose built infrastructure for research and development, allowing investment into the UK for the knowledge economy What is an enterprise zone? - ANSWER Designated areas of business investment with benefits for businesses What benefits can enterprise zones provide businesses? - ANSWER - Corporation tax cuts for 5 years - Simplified local authority planning permissions - Government support in superfast fibreoptic broadband infrastructure being built How can enterprise zones help local communities? - ANSWER - Attract businesses and create jobs - Business rates for over 25 years are reinvested into the local economy, creating long run economic growth - Local infrastructure is improved and consolidated Name an example of an enterprise zone - ANSWER Mersey Waters EZ What are some social factors to assess the success of regeneration projects? - ANSWER Crime rate, educational attainment, shopping quality What are some economic factors to assess the success of regeneration projects? - ANSWER Retail value, revenues from businesses What are some environmental factors to assess the success of regeneration projects? - ANSWER Noise levels, Environmental quality, sustainability Why must regeneration be sustainable? - ANSWER If businesses leave and new developments decline in quality in a few years, the place may be in a worse position than originally as new funding for regeneration may not be provided How would businesses judge the success of regeneration? - ANSWER Increased revenues and footfalls How would locals judge the success of regeneration? - ANSWER Increased utility from projects, increases in living conditions and standards How would governments judge the success of regeneration? - ANSWER Changes in the IMD, feedback from other players Where is the Eden Project, Cornwall? - ANSWER St Austell Why might the Eden Project regeneration not be a successful regeneration project? - ANSWER It has only created seasonal employment with low incomes, it has increased traffic and noise pollution, and as a tourist destination it will receive less people each year Why do rural areas need regenerating? - ANSWER - High dependency ratio - Decline in farming from mechanisation - Dereliction of shops due to a lack of investment - Isolated - Second home owners pricing out locals Why do urban areas need regenerating? - ANSWER - Drosscapes - Inequalities in areas - Deindustrialisation - Urban sprawl - Pollution - Environmental issues How is an increased demand for food causing environmental degradation? - ANSWER The increased use of pesticides and herbicides, overcultivation and deforestation What needs to happen to crop production to meet the expected population in 2040? - ANSWER It needs to double How does an increased demand for rare earth minerals cause environmental degradation? - ANSWER China mines 95% of all rare earths, using open cast mining which can cause landscape scarring and groundwater contamination, whilst being extremely energy intensive What is the estimation for the percentage of energy sourced from renewables globally in 2040? - ANSWER 40% How does a rising middle class create challenges? - ANSWER - More gadgets and electronics are bought, leading to higher energy intensity, leading to more burnt fossil fuels in most nations - Rising middle classes are going through the 'Nutrition Transition', consuming more meat to mimic western diets, increasing emissions - Increased demand for water and more water intensive practices such as garden maintenance is causing tensions of water security What ridge does Russia claim in the Arctic as an extension of their continent? - ANSWER Lomonosov Ridge What UN convention set up EEZs, which give countries the right to resources 200 nautical miles from their land? - ANSWER The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Why are superpowers interested in the Arctic? - ANSWER It is estimated to have $1 trillion worth of rare earth metals, and could reduce navigation times in warmer waters, boosting trade What actions have China taken to show their interest in the Arctic? - ANSWER China announced itself as a 'near arctic state', and has begun developing for resource exploitation, such as nuclear powered icebreakers Describe tundra climate - ANSWER Long days in summer, short winter days Permafrost Little annual precipitation, temperatures below freezing Coniferous forests (boreal) Little sunlight Where in the world can tundra be found? - ANSWER Close to North Pole, e.g. Artic, Alaska, Canada Describe tropical rainforest climate - ANSWER Humid and warm High annual precipitation Not seasonal Evergreen trees Where in the world can tropical rainforests be found? - ANSWER Between the tropics, e.g. Amazon, Brazil, Congo Basin What affects biome distribution? - ANSWER Altitude, soil type, rock type, drainage What are biotic components of an ecosystem? - ANSWER Flora and fauna What are abiotic components of an ecosystem? - ANSWER Soil, water, rock and atmosphere (climate) 3 stores of the nutrient cycle - ANSWER Biomass, litter, soil Describe nutrient cycle in tropical rainforests - ANSWER 1. Biggest biomass 2. Smaller soil 3. Smallest litter Describe nutrient cycle in taiga forests - ANSWER 1. Biggest litter 2. Smaller biomass 3. Smallest soil Define ecosystem - ANSWER Interaction between the biotic and abiotic factors in an environment Define biosphere - ANSWER Parts of Earth where living organisms exist, e.g. geothermal underwater vents to highest mountain peak Define biome - ANSWER A large scale ecosystem defined by the plants and animals that live there, e.g. rainforests Local factors affecting biome distribution - ANSWER 1. Altitude 2. Rock and soil type 3. Drainage Where is precipitation found on a climate graph? - ANSWER The bars Where is temperature found on a climate graph? - ANSWER The lines How does latitude affect climate? (Temperature) - ANSWER Higher latitude = lower temperature How does the pressure belt affect climate? (Rainfall) - ANSWER 1. Low pressure = more precipitation 2. High pressure = arid climate Define regulation - ANSWER Recycling materials in the environment, e.g. water and carbon Define the nutrient cycle and give 3 stores of nutrients - ANSWER The transfer of nutrients through an ecosystem (through biomass, litter and soil) Define the carbon cycle - ANSWER Movement of carbon from abiotic factors of an environment to biotic factors Define the hydrological cycle - ANSWER Movement of water from abiotic factors of an environment to biotic factors How does deforestation affect the hydrological cycle? - ANSWER 1. No trees = no interception so leads to soil erosion and leaching of nutrients 2. Less infiltration so less groundwater supplies 3. Increase surface runoff and flooding made more frequent 4. No forest so soil dries very quickly, less overall evaporation = drier climate Which 4 resource uses are leading to over exploitation? - ANSWER 1. Consumerism 2. Urbanisation 3. Industrialisation 4. Deforestation Explain the Malthusian theory and food production and population growth [3] - ANSWER 1. Population growth is exponential whilst food production is linear 2. Population would exceed food supply at a point of crisis 3. Malthus was a resource pessimist What are 3 Malthusian positive checks on a population? - ANSWER 1. War 2. Starvation 3. Famine What are 2 Malthusian negative checks on a population? - ANSWER 1. People marrying later 2. Having less children Explain the Boserupian theory of food production and population growth [3] - ANSWER 1. Population growth is exponential 2. Innovation and development in technology (irrigation, fertilisers, GM crops) will ensure enough food resources for growing population 3. Boserup was a resource optimist Define flora - ANSWER The plants of a particular region Define fauna - ANSWER The animals of a particular region How are fauna adapted in the tundra? - ANSWER 1. Mammals have thick, oily fur 2. Hibernation 3. Migration (270 bird species migrate south) How are flora adapted in the tundra? - ANSWER 1. Shallow roots (avoids permafrost) 2. Flexible, downwards branches 3. Cone shape How are fauna adapted in the tropical rainforest? - ANSWER 1. Birds have strong beaks to break open nuts 2. Large, carnivorous mammals have dark and light fur patches for camouflage on forest floor 3. Primates have long tails for balance and claws to grip trees and branches How are flora adapted in the tropical rainforest? - ANSWER 1. Wide triangular buttress roots 2. Drip-tip leaves 3. Lianas are climbing plants to reach sunlight 4. Epiphyte are dangling roots Define coniferous - ANSWER Evergreen trees that don't shed leaves in the winter What are boreal forests? - ANSWER Coniferous forests - cone-bearing trees or shrubs with leaves resembling needles, and mostly evergreen What are direct threats to the taiga? - ANSWER Illegal logging (Russia) Tar sand exploitation (Athabasca, Canada) HEP development (James Bay, Canada) What are indirect threats to the taiga? - ANSWER 1. Acid precipitation 2. Forest fires 3. Pests and diseases What are direct threats to the tropical rainforests? - ANSWER 1. Mineral exploitation (coltan mining in Congo) 2. HEP (Tucurui Dam, Brazil) 3. Biofuels (palm oil, Indonesia) What are indirect threats to the tropical rainforests? - ANSWER Global warming (species face extinction) Climate stress (droughts, CO2 levels) Define sustainable management - ANSWER Social, environmental and economical What are national parks? - ANSWER Natural areas protected by the government for public recreation or preservation of wildlife How does temperature affect plant growth? - ANSWER Sunlight intensity decreases as latitude increases Latitude increases towards the poles (is colder) Low sunlight intensity - lack of heat and light limits plant growth How does precipitation affect plant growth? - ANSWER - Low pressure areas, rising air, high precipitation so more plant growth - High pressure areas, sinking air, low precipitation so less plant growth - Levels of rainfall affected by convection cells, mountain ranges, land mass, distance from oceans How does altitude affect plant growth? - ANSWER Every 100 m in height = -6.5°C Below freezing temperatures limits plant growth Rainfall increases with height Zonation Define zonation - ANSWER Different ecosystems in a gradient due to elevation or resources How does geology (soil) affect plant growth? - ANSWER Rocks undergo chemical weathering, releasing nutrients into soil Clay is permeable, more water at surface Chalk is permeable, so more drainage and drier Describe tundra climate - ANSWER Long days in summer, short winter days Permafrost Little annual precipitation, temperatures below freezing Coniferous forests (boreal) Little sunlight Where in the world can tundra be found? - ANSWER Close to North Pole, e.g. Artic, Alaska, Canada Describe tropical rainforest climate - ANSWER Humid and warm High annual precipitation Not seasonal Evergreen trees Where in the world can tropical rainforests be found? - ANSWER Between the tropics, e.g. Amazon, Brazil, Congo Basin What affects biome distribution? - ANSWER Altitude, soil type, rock type, drainage What are biotic components of an ecosystem? - ANSWER Flora and fauna What are abiotic components of an ecosystem? - ANSWER Soil, water, rock and atmosphere (climate) 3 stores of the nutrient cycle - ANSWER Biomass, litter, soil Describe nutrient cycle in tropical rainforests - ANSWER 1. Biggest biomass 2. Smaller soil 3. Smallest litter Describe nutrient cycle in taiga forests - ANSWER 1. Biggest litter 2. Smaller biomass 3. Smallest soil Define ecosystem - ANSWER Interaction between the biotic and abiotic factors in an environment Define biosphere - ANSWER Parts of Earth where living organisms exist, e.g. geothermal underwater vents to highest mountain peak Define biome - ANSWER A large scale ecosystem defined by the plants and animals that live there, e.g. rainforests Disadvantages of deindustrialistaion? - ANSWER -loss of jobs in rural areas -break-up of rural communities as people move towns -have to clean up old indutrial sites Advantages of deindustrialisation? - ANSWER -less enviorment pollution -old industrial buildings can be made into tourist atttractions eg. Eden Project -can remove ugly industrial buildings to make lanscape more attractive -can create new wildlife habitats -can use brownfield house for new housing Explain benefits and costs of deindusttrialisation (eden project-cornwall) - ANSWER -cleaning area for recreation -making lanscape safer -expensive to redevelop houses -costs include unemplyment and outward migration (works with homeless and unemployed poeple) What are the 6 main areas which settlement functions are divided into? - ANSWER -residential -market centres -administration -stategic -industrial -tourist resorts Describe a residential settlement? - ANSWER -Known as dormitory or commuter settlemetnts. -Often found near towns/cities Describe market centres? - ANSWER -most often found in rural (farming) areas -example: Sleaford in Lincolnshire -usually have good transport links Describe a adminstrative settlement? - ANSWER -often county towns and provide local goverment -example: Newbury in Berkshire -employ large number of civil servants Describe a strategic settlement? - ANSWER -the grew as defense sites (physical location not to due with services) -on top of hills (Windsor castle) -inside a meander (workworth) -in gap between hills (Dorking) -on a island in a river (paris) Describe a indutrial settlement? - ANSWER -provides jobs in secondary industry -developed good transport systems (railways, canals) -example: kidsgrove near bermingham -modern industry is found on outskirts near major roads for transport Describe toursist resorts? - ANSWER -developed when railways arrived -coastal example: blackpool/brighton (developed for people who wanted to visit places by sea for recreational purposes) -spa towns example: bath (developed for healing properties) -national park example: malham (developed to provide tourist resorts) -major cities example: london (developed for tourist resorts) How has the UK settlement fuctions changed over time? (eg. Aberfan in South Whales) - ANSWER -used to be agricultural village but now a residential village What is migration? - ANSWER the movement of people from one place to another. What is pull migration? - ANSWER people moving because they want to have a better life. What is push migration? - ANSWER people moving because of poor conditions where they live. What are the 5 main reasons of counter-urbanisation? - ANSWER -urban areas = less pleasant -increase in car ownership -technology -populations ageing -business parks have moved to outer edges of cities Negative impacts on counter urbanisation on rural areas? - ANSWER -conflict (between local residents and new comers) -migrants journey to work (many still work in urban areas so cases pollution) -house prices rise (rise as more demand increases) -village traditions are not valued Positive impacts on counter urbanization on rural areas? - ANSWER -local schools have an increase in pupils (keeps them open) -some local services are supported -old farm buildings turned into habitual dwelings What was the results of people moving away from remote rural areas ? - ANSWER -Lack of service provision -Post offices closing (not profitable) -45% did not live near doctors, post offices and bus services -50% have bank accounts (no local banks) -Locals primary schools closed (less services) 3 reasons for an increase in housing units - ANSWER -Social -Economic -Political Social reasons that impact houseing - ANSWER -Marrying later in life -Increase in divorces -Ageing population (lead to an increase of 1/2 bedroom properties) Economic reasons that impact housing - ANSWER -Wealthier population -Increased house prices (Smaller houses) -Getting married at an older age (Kids later so smaller houses) Political reasons that impact housing - ANSWER -Developing Eco-towns (towns which conserves energy -solar, wind) -Sustainable communities policy -Rise in population (need for more housing) What is a brownfield site? - ANSWER Sites where people left for lower production costs, therefore were abandoned What is brownfield potential - ANSWER The number of sites available for redevelopment within a city What is urban redevelopment? - ANSWER When buildings are knocked down a re-built What is Urban renewal? - ANSWER This is when the building is converted into a new use such as housing What is greenfield sites? - ANSWER Ares on the edge of the city which have never been developed What is a greenbelt? - ANSWER Area around the city which is composed of farmland and recreational land What are gated suburbs? - ANSWER A number of housing developments which have gates to protect residents What are nucleated settlements? - ANSWER individual buildings grouped closely together What are dispersed settlements? - ANSWER individual buildings spread out (no obvious center) What are linear settlements? - ANSWER Buildings on either side of a road Advantages and Disadvantages of greenfield sites? - ANSWER AD: -unoccupied so developers can build as they wish -cheaper land due to being further from the city -lower constructions costs as nothing to knock down or renew DIS: -living on edge of city will increase commute for people -distraction to local area during construction -people may not want to live far from city center due to social life Advantages and Disadvantages of brownfield sites? - ANSWER AD: -planning permission is easier to get -easier to market because of access to facilities DIS: -complete environmental survey needed -cities may have social problems -land costs are higher as it's closer to city center Why would people migrate from rural to urban areas? - ANSWER -lack of jobs in rural areas -salaries are lower in rural areas Footsteps in Gambia background information - ANSWER consists of 10 individual huts with en-suite facilities and bars and restaurants for social events. You can watch the locals produce products like jewelry. What are some attractions for footsteps in Gambia - ANSWER -Gambia Museum (walk around, learn facts, culture and traditions) -Nature Reserve (see wildlife) -Arch 22 historical (old, unique, monument) How does Footsteps in Gambia suit the ecotourism model? - ANSWER -has historical features for people who want to learn the cultures and history -is a different sty