NTR 555 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Densitometry-- underwater weighing - ANS gold standard, all fat free measurements
correlate to densitometry
weigh in air (WA)- gravity pulls down
VS weight in water (WW)
how much water displaced- volume
mass in air vs mass in water
buoyancy on individual
calculate the density of the indiv by comparing the two
D= WA/ [(WA-WW)/Dw -(RV + VGI)]
best density measurement before Bodpod
Bodpod™ - ANS chamber- person goes inside
change air pressure
use PV=nRT
measurable change in pressure- calculate volume
measure mass with scale
can calculate density from these two measurements
create calibration curve of population- b't density and fat mass
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,bioelectric impedance - ANS electrical conductivity of body
tissue less fat better conductor, fat is a resistor
skin fold measurement - ANS measure fat in particular location
no new info--> indirect- indirect measurement- use of comparison of body density against
population to see fat free
assume fat under skin proportional to rest of body
use regression equation
problems
fluid varies, age factor can vary, genetic differences
only looking at subcutaneous, assuming proportional to total body fat
fat is in different locations in different individuals
2, 3, 4 compartment models of body composition - ANS what is the difference between these
methods?
2 compartment- fat and fat free-
3 compartment- fat and non fat fat free (water and other use water) bone & something
4- fat, bone, water, muscle/ protein tissue [use imaging, like DEXA and MRI] can use mineral
all correlation measures based on populations!!
exercise recommendations for children - ANS 60 minutes a day (moderately)
vs. 30 minutes adults
60 minutes good
90 minutes- loss weight
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, exercise recommendations for elderly - ANS don't change that much
less blood flow to muscle in elderly?
if you use it don't loss
3 methyl histidine - ANS tells you about muscle breakdown
histidine to gut to blood then out kidney
peripheral neuropathy - ANS damage or disease affecting nerves
loss of sensation in hands and feet
condition associated with diabetes, due to bad blood flow
bariatric surgery (gastric bypass) - ANS for weight control for super obese
BMI > 40
reduce glycogen loading-- small stomach after
physical fitness - ANS
mTor pathway - ANS muscle growth and development
recovery from stressful exercise-- several signals that impact this pathway
telomeres - ANS as you age, they get shorter
limited number of cell divisions
can't replicate as well as you get older
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Densitometry-- underwater weighing - ANS gold standard, all fat free measurements
correlate to densitometry
weigh in air (WA)- gravity pulls down
VS weight in water (WW)
how much water displaced- volume
mass in air vs mass in water
buoyancy on individual
calculate the density of the indiv by comparing the two
D= WA/ [(WA-WW)/Dw -(RV + VGI)]
best density measurement before Bodpod
Bodpod™ - ANS chamber- person goes inside
change air pressure
use PV=nRT
measurable change in pressure- calculate volume
measure mass with scale
can calculate density from these two measurements
create calibration curve of population- b't density and fat mass
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,bioelectric impedance - ANS electrical conductivity of body
tissue less fat better conductor, fat is a resistor
skin fold measurement - ANS measure fat in particular location
no new info--> indirect- indirect measurement- use of comparison of body density against
population to see fat free
assume fat under skin proportional to rest of body
use regression equation
problems
fluid varies, age factor can vary, genetic differences
only looking at subcutaneous, assuming proportional to total body fat
fat is in different locations in different individuals
2, 3, 4 compartment models of body composition - ANS what is the difference between these
methods?
2 compartment- fat and fat free-
3 compartment- fat and non fat fat free (water and other use water) bone & something
4- fat, bone, water, muscle/ protein tissue [use imaging, like DEXA and MRI] can use mineral
all correlation measures based on populations!!
exercise recommendations for children - ANS 60 minutes a day (moderately)
vs. 30 minutes adults
60 minutes good
90 minutes- loss weight
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, exercise recommendations for elderly - ANS don't change that much
less blood flow to muscle in elderly?
if you use it don't loss
3 methyl histidine - ANS tells you about muscle breakdown
histidine to gut to blood then out kidney
peripheral neuropathy - ANS damage or disease affecting nerves
loss of sensation in hands and feet
condition associated with diabetes, due to bad blood flow
bariatric surgery (gastric bypass) - ANS for weight control for super obese
BMI > 40
reduce glycogen loading-- small stomach after
physical fitness - ANS
mTor pathway - ANS muscle growth and development
recovery from stressful exercise-- several signals that impact this pathway
telomeres - ANS as you age, they get shorter
limited number of cell divisions
can't replicate as well as you get older
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
