A-LeveL eDeXCeL 2025 GeoGrAphy pAper 1:
(2025/2026) LATeST verSIoN WITh verIFIeD
QUeSTIoNS AND ACCUrATe, DeTAILeD ANSWerS
1. Haiti location - ANSWER Haiti is located in the Caribbean, west of the
Dominican Republic.
2. Haiti earthquake - ANSWER An earthquake occurred on January 12th 2010,
near Port-Au- Prince. Haiti sits on a fault between the North American and
Caribbean tectonic plates. As the plates compress, pressure builds up and
releases
3. How can climate change worsen floods? - ANSWER Melting glaciers,
increased precipitation etc
4. What is water security? - ANSWER The reliable availability of an
acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods and
production.
5. What is water scarcity? - ANSWER Lack of adequate quantities of water for
human and environmental uses
6. What are the physical causes of water insecurity? - ANSWER Salt-water
encroachment, Climate variability
7. What is salt water encroachment and how does it cause water insecurity? -
ANSWER This is the movement of saline water into underground water
, stores such as aquifers which in turn can lead to water contamination. This
makes freshwater unusable and decreases water supply - increasing water
insecurity.
8. salt water encroachment case study - ANSWER Salt water has encroached
into aquifiers in Gujurat and water sources in California - creating water
insecurity and being one of the main causes of the 2010s drought.
9. What is climate variability and how does it cause water insecurity? -
ANSWER Climate changes such as ENSO and ITCZ and influences annual
precipitation and thus water supplies.
10.Bangladesh Subsidence - ANSWER According to the journal Nature Climate
Change, some of Bangladesh's estuarine islands have sunk by as much as 1.5
metres in the last 50 years. Isostatic readjustment is partly responsible , but
the main reason is clearance and drainage of more than 50 large islands in
the Ganges- Brahmaputra delta. These islands used to be forested, but have
now been cleared and are being used to grow rice to feed the country's large
population. In the 16060s and 1870s, large earth em- bankments were built
around these islands to protect them against tidal and storm surge inunda-
tions (as shown in the photo below). However, this human action has also
prevented the natural deposition of sediment that used to maintain the
islands height. Now these islands are fast sub- merging and millions of
people living on them are at increased risk of flooding in the embankments
give way.
11.Mangrove Forests - ANSWER Mangrove forest are found along the tropical
and sub-tropical coasts of Africa, Australia, Asia and the Americas - but the
largest remaining tract of mangrove forest in the world is the Sundarbans
region of Bangladesh, on the edge of the Bay of Bengal. Mangroves are trees
or shrubs which grows in tidal, chiefly tropical, coastal swamps, having
, numerous tangled roots that grow above ground and form dense thickets.
They are rich and important ecosystems.
12.Mangroves are also important as they stabilise coastlines against erosion and
provide protection against extreme weather events (such as storm winds,
floods, as well as tsunamis). They absorb and disperse tidal surges
associated with these events.
13.Bangladesh Mangrove Forests - ANSWER The Sundarbans helped take the
sting out of Cyclone Sidr in November 2007, but recent studies show that
71% of Bang- ladesh's mangrove forested coastline is now retreating by as
much as 200 metres a year. The causes of this are ero- sion, rising sea
levels— and human actions that deliberately remove the vegetation.
Globally, half of all mangrove for- ests have been lost since the mid-
twentieth century. Con- verting the forest into lucrative shrimp farms
accounts for 25% of this loss. This is happening in Asis (including Bangla-
desh) and also Latin America.
14.Bangladesh Climate Change Sea Level Rise - ANSWER Bangladesh, as a
densely populated and low-lying coastal region, is particularly susceptible to
a eustat- ic sea-level rise brought about by climate change. This is being
driven by melting glaciers and the ice caps in west Antarctica and
Greenland. Thermal expansion of the oceans will also result in continued
sea-level rises during the 21st century. Between 1993 and 2018, thermal
expansion of the oceans con- tributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of
temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%. Climate
scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century due to
increased emissions of greenhouse gases. The current projected range of
eustatic sea-level rise has a current pro- jected range of 0.3 to 1.2 metres by
2100 with a more severe prediction estimating that sea-levels could increase
by 2.4 metres if the rate of melting in West Antarctica were to increase. This
would clearly be catastrophic for Bangladesh.
, 15.Bangladesh Climate Change Cyclones - ANSWER Climate change may also
lead to other coastal flooding for Bangladesh in other ways too. It is ex-
pected that Bangladesh will also suffer from increased extreme weather
conditions such as cyclones. An increase in ocean temperatures would likely
result in an increase in the number of cyclones that oc- cur in the Bay of
Bengal. Warmer ocean temperatures would also result in more intense
storms with more powerful winds and higher storm-surges being funnelled
northwards in the Bay of Bengal towards Bangladesh.
16.Case Study- The impacts of Cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh - ANSWER
Cyclone Sidr brought heavy rain with it, as well as strong winds of up to 223
km/hr and a huge storm surge reaching up to 6 metres in height. It was a cat-
egory 4 storm. According to Bangladesh's Meteoro- logical Department,
Sidr's eye crossed the coast near the Sundarbans mangrove forests around
9.30 pm on 15 November.
17. Climate variability case study - ANSWER Pakistan has a lot of high
pressure falling air leading to low rainfall and thus water insecurity
18.What is agricultural contamination and how does it cause water insecurity? -
ANSWER Agricultural processes contaminate water supplies - eg
eutrophication - making it unusable and therefore creating water insecurity
as this disrupts reliable, clean and affordable water supply.
19. Agricultural contamination case study - ANSWER Eutrophication in
Canada led to contamination of Lake Erie and water insecurity.
20.What is industrial contamination and how does it cause water insecurity? -
ANSWER Many industrial plants utilise local freshwater supplies and then
pollute them. This leads to lower amounts of usable water supply leading to
water insecurity
21.Industrial contamination case study - ANSWER Niger Delta - Shell dumps
huge amounts of oil that harms locals water and creates water insecurity
(2025/2026) LATeST verSIoN WITh verIFIeD
QUeSTIoNS AND ACCUrATe, DeTAILeD ANSWerS
1. Haiti location - ANSWER Haiti is located in the Caribbean, west of the
Dominican Republic.
2. Haiti earthquake - ANSWER An earthquake occurred on January 12th 2010,
near Port-Au- Prince. Haiti sits on a fault between the North American and
Caribbean tectonic plates. As the plates compress, pressure builds up and
releases
3. How can climate change worsen floods? - ANSWER Melting glaciers,
increased precipitation etc
4. What is water security? - ANSWER The reliable availability of an
acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods and
production.
5. What is water scarcity? - ANSWER Lack of adequate quantities of water for
human and environmental uses
6. What are the physical causes of water insecurity? - ANSWER Salt-water
encroachment, Climate variability
7. What is salt water encroachment and how does it cause water insecurity? -
ANSWER This is the movement of saline water into underground water
, stores such as aquifers which in turn can lead to water contamination. This
makes freshwater unusable and decreases water supply - increasing water
insecurity.
8. salt water encroachment case study - ANSWER Salt water has encroached
into aquifiers in Gujurat and water sources in California - creating water
insecurity and being one of the main causes of the 2010s drought.
9. What is climate variability and how does it cause water insecurity? -
ANSWER Climate changes such as ENSO and ITCZ and influences annual
precipitation and thus water supplies.
10.Bangladesh Subsidence - ANSWER According to the journal Nature Climate
Change, some of Bangladesh's estuarine islands have sunk by as much as 1.5
metres in the last 50 years. Isostatic readjustment is partly responsible , but
the main reason is clearance and drainage of more than 50 large islands in
the Ganges- Brahmaputra delta. These islands used to be forested, but have
now been cleared and are being used to grow rice to feed the country's large
population. In the 16060s and 1870s, large earth em- bankments were built
around these islands to protect them against tidal and storm surge inunda-
tions (as shown in the photo below). However, this human action has also
prevented the natural deposition of sediment that used to maintain the
islands height. Now these islands are fast sub- merging and millions of
people living on them are at increased risk of flooding in the embankments
give way.
11.Mangrove Forests - ANSWER Mangrove forest are found along the tropical
and sub-tropical coasts of Africa, Australia, Asia and the Americas - but the
largest remaining tract of mangrove forest in the world is the Sundarbans
region of Bangladesh, on the edge of the Bay of Bengal. Mangroves are trees
or shrubs which grows in tidal, chiefly tropical, coastal swamps, having
, numerous tangled roots that grow above ground and form dense thickets.
They are rich and important ecosystems.
12.Mangroves are also important as they stabilise coastlines against erosion and
provide protection against extreme weather events (such as storm winds,
floods, as well as tsunamis). They absorb and disperse tidal surges
associated with these events.
13.Bangladesh Mangrove Forests - ANSWER The Sundarbans helped take the
sting out of Cyclone Sidr in November 2007, but recent studies show that
71% of Bang- ladesh's mangrove forested coastline is now retreating by as
much as 200 metres a year. The causes of this are ero- sion, rising sea
levels— and human actions that deliberately remove the vegetation.
Globally, half of all mangrove for- ests have been lost since the mid-
twentieth century. Con- verting the forest into lucrative shrimp farms
accounts for 25% of this loss. This is happening in Asis (including Bangla-
desh) and also Latin America.
14.Bangladesh Climate Change Sea Level Rise - ANSWER Bangladesh, as a
densely populated and low-lying coastal region, is particularly susceptible to
a eustat- ic sea-level rise brought about by climate change. This is being
driven by melting glaciers and the ice caps in west Antarctica and
Greenland. Thermal expansion of the oceans will also result in continued
sea-level rises during the 21st century. Between 1993 and 2018, thermal
expansion of the oceans con- tributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of
temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%. Climate
scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century due to
increased emissions of greenhouse gases. The current projected range of
eustatic sea-level rise has a current pro- jected range of 0.3 to 1.2 metres by
2100 with a more severe prediction estimating that sea-levels could increase
by 2.4 metres if the rate of melting in West Antarctica were to increase. This
would clearly be catastrophic for Bangladesh.
, 15.Bangladesh Climate Change Cyclones - ANSWER Climate change may also
lead to other coastal flooding for Bangladesh in other ways too. It is ex-
pected that Bangladesh will also suffer from increased extreme weather
conditions such as cyclones. An increase in ocean temperatures would likely
result in an increase in the number of cyclones that oc- cur in the Bay of
Bengal. Warmer ocean temperatures would also result in more intense
storms with more powerful winds and higher storm-surges being funnelled
northwards in the Bay of Bengal towards Bangladesh.
16.Case Study- The impacts of Cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh - ANSWER
Cyclone Sidr brought heavy rain with it, as well as strong winds of up to 223
km/hr and a huge storm surge reaching up to 6 metres in height. It was a cat-
egory 4 storm. According to Bangladesh's Meteoro- logical Department,
Sidr's eye crossed the coast near the Sundarbans mangrove forests around
9.30 pm on 15 November.
17. Climate variability case study - ANSWER Pakistan has a lot of high
pressure falling air leading to low rainfall and thus water insecurity
18.What is agricultural contamination and how does it cause water insecurity? -
ANSWER Agricultural processes contaminate water supplies - eg
eutrophication - making it unusable and therefore creating water insecurity
as this disrupts reliable, clean and affordable water supply.
19. Agricultural contamination case study - ANSWER Eutrophication in
Canada led to contamination of Lake Erie and water insecurity.
20.What is industrial contamination and how does it cause water insecurity? -
ANSWER Many industrial plants utilise local freshwater supplies and then
pollute them. This leads to lower amounts of usable water supply leading to
water insecurity
21.Industrial contamination case study - ANSWER Niger Delta - Shell dumps
huge amounts of oil that harms locals water and creates water insecurity
