PATHOPHYSIOLOGY INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS AD CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES F.A. DAVIS (FINAL) EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY INTRODUCTORY
CONCEPTS AD CLINICAL
PERSPECTIVES F.A. DAVIS (FINAL)
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+ 2025/2026




The serum _________ level is used to evaluate an individuals nutritional level - ANS albumin


isotonic solution - ANS - no shift


0.9% NaCl "normal saline"


TX
keep an open IV
with blood transfusion


hypotonic solution - ANS - add water to the bloodstream causing a fluid shift form the ECF to
ICF


0.45% "half normal saline"


TX

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, dehydration


hypertonic solution - ANS - add solutes to th ebloodstrea, causing a fluid shift from ICF to ECF
= shrinking cells


mannitol


TX
cerebral edema


IV solution similar to blood ___________ ____________ - ANS Lactic ringers "LR"


NEVER BOLUS K+ - ANS Will cause cardiac arrest


IV K+ must be diluted (40 mEq through a central venous line) - emergent


__________ and _________ are often used together to treat heart failure. However this can
lead to Hypokalemia and __________ tox and arrhythmia - ANS Digitalis and
hydrocholothiazide


Digitalis


An aldosterone antagonist that causes the retention of K+ - ANS spironolatone


Hyperkalemia - ANS >5.2


Hypokalemia - ANS <3.5


Food high in K+

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