CLINICAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
LCON MCGOWEN EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Is atrophy reversible? - ANS Yes
Whats is Atrophy? - ANS cell decreases in size because demand decreases
"You don't use it, you loose it!"
What are the five causes of cell atrophy? - ANS 1. Disuse
2. Ischemia (inadequate blood supply to organ/body part)
3. Endocrine dysfunction
4. Persistent cell injury
5. Aging
What is hypertrophy? - ANS cell increases in size because demand increases
Hypertrophy can either be.... - ANS -physiologic (normal)
-pathologic (abnormal)
Examples of physiologic hypertrophy? - ANS -weight lifting
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Examples of pathologic hypertrophy? - ANS -an enlarged organ
What is hyperplasia? - ANS -increased number of cells
Hyperplasia can be.... - ANS -Physiologic
-Pathologic
Example of physiologic hyperplasia - ANS Breast enlargement during puberty
example of pathologic hyperplasia - ANS enlargement of prostate gland
What is metaplasia? - ANS replacement of one cell type with another
Is metaplasia reversible or irreversible? - ANS reversible
*replaces one cell with another cell
1. Cell remains same basic tissue type
2. Usually occurs in response to Chronic irritation and inflammation
3. Reversible - ANS Metaplasia
What is Dysplasia? - ANS Cell mutates with abnormal variations in size, shape and
arrangement
*Cells mutate with abnormal variations in SIZE, SHAPE, and ARRANGEMENT
1. Abnormal
2. May be reversible
3. Strong precursor for cancer - ANS Dysplasia
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, What is the single most common cause of cellular injury? - ANS Hypoxic injury
Results From:
-Reduced amount of O2 in the air
-Loss of hemoglobin or decreased efficacy of Hemoglobin
-Decreased production of RBC (anemia)
-Poisoning of the oxidative enzymes within the cells - ANS Hypoxic injury
Most common cause of Hypoxic injury? - ANS Ishcemia (blood flow stops from heart attack,
stroke, blood clot, gradual narrowing of arteries, ect.)
what is an Ischemia-reperflusion injury? - ANS when there is much oxygen in an area without
oxygen there will be too many free radicals in a cell causing the cell to implode.
EX: opening a blood clot too soon.
What are free radicals and reactive oxygen species? - ANS Electrically uncharged atom or
atoms having an unpaired electron causing damage to:
-Lipid peroxidation
-Alteration of proteins
-Alteration of DNA
-Mitochondria
What causes Chemical injury to cells? - ANS -lead
-ethanol
-Carbon monoxide
-mercury
-Social/Street Drugs
-medications
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
LCON MCGOWEN EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Is atrophy reversible? - ANS Yes
Whats is Atrophy? - ANS cell decreases in size because demand decreases
"You don't use it, you loose it!"
What are the five causes of cell atrophy? - ANS 1. Disuse
2. Ischemia (inadequate blood supply to organ/body part)
3. Endocrine dysfunction
4. Persistent cell injury
5. Aging
What is hypertrophy? - ANS cell increases in size because demand increases
Hypertrophy can either be.... - ANS -physiologic (normal)
-pathologic (abnormal)
Examples of physiologic hypertrophy? - ANS -weight lifting
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Examples of pathologic hypertrophy? - ANS -an enlarged organ
What is hyperplasia? - ANS -increased number of cells
Hyperplasia can be.... - ANS -Physiologic
-Pathologic
Example of physiologic hyperplasia - ANS Breast enlargement during puberty
example of pathologic hyperplasia - ANS enlargement of prostate gland
What is metaplasia? - ANS replacement of one cell type with another
Is metaplasia reversible or irreversible? - ANS reversible
*replaces one cell with another cell
1. Cell remains same basic tissue type
2. Usually occurs in response to Chronic irritation and inflammation
3. Reversible - ANS Metaplasia
What is Dysplasia? - ANS Cell mutates with abnormal variations in size, shape and
arrangement
*Cells mutate with abnormal variations in SIZE, SHAPE, and ARRANGEMENT
1. Abnormal
2. May be reversible
3. Strong precursor for cancer - ANS Dysplasia
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, What is the single most common cause of cellular injury? - ANS Hypoxic injury
Results From:
-Reduced amount of O2 in the air
-Loss of hemoglobin or decreased efficacy of Hemoglobin
-Decreased production of RBC (anemia)
-Poisoning of the oxidative enzymes within the cells - ANS Hypoxic injury
Most common cause of Hypoxic injury? - ANS Ishcemia (blood flow stops from heart attack,
stroke, blood clot, gradual narrowing of arteries, ect.)
what is an Ischemia-reperflusion injury? - ANS when there is much oxygen in an area without
oxygen there will be too many free radicals in a cell causing the cell to implode.
EX: opening a blood clot too soon.
What are free radicals and reactive oxygen species? - ANS Electrically uncharged atom or
atoms having an unpaired electron causing damage to:
-Lipid peroxidation
-Alteration of proteins
-Alteration of DNA
-Mitochondria
What causes Chemical injury to cells? - ANS -lead
-ethanol
-Carbon monoxide
-mercury
-Social/Street Drugs
-medications
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
