2026 A+ EDGE: Orthotics & Prosthetics Written Boards – Core Concepts, Clinical Cases & Key Guidelines

MASTER THE BOARDS: A+ FOCUSED
REVIEW FOR THE 2026 ORTHOTICS &
PROSTHETICS WRITTEN EXAM



resist over-eversion of the foot - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what is the
primary action of the medial ligament of the ankle?
resist over-inversion of the foot - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what is the
primary action of the lateral ligament of the ankle?
tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum
longus - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what muscles produce dorsiflexion of
the ankle?
gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris and posterior tibialis - THE
CORRECT ANSWER-what muscles produce plantarflexion of the
ankle?
talus and calcaneus - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what bones form the
subtalar joint? (aka talocalcaneal joint)
talonavicular, calcaneocuboid - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what joints
make up the midtarsal joint?
the anterior talar head and the concavity on the navicular - THE
CORRECT ANSWER-what makes up the talonavicular joint?

the anterior facet of the calcaneus and the posterior cuboid - THE
CORRECT ANSWER-what makes up the calcaneocuboid joint?

midtarsal joints (talonavicular and calcaneocuboid) - THE CORRECT
ANSWER-what are the Chopart joints?

tarsometatarsal joints - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what are the Lisfranc
joints?
1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what
makes up the medial column of the tarsometatarsal joints?

,2nd and 3rd metatarsal and intermediate and lateral
cuneiforms - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what makes up the middle
column of the tarsometatarsal joints?
4th and 5th metatarsals and the cuboid - THE CORRECT ANSWER-
what makes up the lateral tarsometatarsal joints?
inversion and eversion, dorsiflexion an plantar flexion - THE
CORRECT ANSWER-what motions are produced at the subtalar joint?

inversion and eversion. flexion and extension - THE CORRECT
ANSWER-what motions are produced at the midtarsal joint?

flexion and extension, abduction and adduction - THE CORRECT
ANSWER-what motions are produced at the metatarsalphalangeal
joints?
flexion and extension - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what motions are
produced at the IP joints?
D. shortened step length on contralateral side - THE CORRECT
ANSWER-a complete lesion of the tibial nerve on one leg will
result in what gait deviations?
A. foot slap on ipsilateral side
B. gluteus medius limp on contralateral side
C. Shortened step length on ipsilateral side
D. shortened step length on contralateral side
(posterior lower leg muscles)
gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, popliteus, tibialis posterior,
flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus - THE CORRECT
ANSWER-what muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve?

cervical lateral flexion - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what is the C3
myotome
shoulder elevation - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what is the C4 myotome
shoulder abduction - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what is the C5 myotome

,elbow flexion, wrist extension - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what is the C6
myotome
elbow extension, wrist flexion - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what is the C7
myotome
thumb extension, finger flexion - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what is the
C8 myotome
finger abduction and adduction - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what is the
T1 myotome
hip flexion - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what is the L2 myotome
knee extension - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what is the L3 myotome
ankle DF - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what is the L4 myotome
great toe extension - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what is the L5 myotome
PF, eversion, hip extension - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what is the S1
myotome
knee flexion, PF - THE CORRECT ANSWER-what is the S2 myotome
Scheuermann's Disease - THE CORRECT ANSWER-a developmental
disorder of the spine
abnormal growth of the thoracic spine
anterior portion of the thoracic vertebrae do not develop as fast
as the posterior portion resulting in exaggerated kyphosis
Blount's disease (osteochondrosis deformans tibiae) - THE
CORRECT ANSWER--growth disorder of the tibia

-characterized by inward bowing of the lower leg that worsens
over time
-tibia vara
Leg-Calve-Perthes Disease - THE CORRECT ANSWER--avascular
necrosis of the proximal femoral head resulting from
compromise of the tenuous blood supply to this area

, -usually occurs in children aged 4-10 years old
-may occur after an injury to the hip
-typically unilateral
Heel strike (initial contact) - THE CORRECT ANSWER-at which part of
gait are the most number of muscles active?
B. lateral thigh distal to the GT, lateral aspect of the foot and
the medial condyle of the femur - THE CORRECT ANSWER-For
correction of genu valgum, forces should be applied over the:
A. lateral condyle of the femur, lateral aspect of the foot and the
head of the fibula
B. Lateral thigh distal to the GT, lateral aspect of the foot and
medial condyle of the femur
C. Anterior thigh poplitial fossa and dorsal surface of the foot
D. perineum, dial aspect of the foot and lateral condyle of the
femur
E. medial condyle of the femur, medial aspect of the foot and
the head of the tibia
D. insure that the mechanical ankle axis coincides with the
anatomical ankle axis in the transverse plane - THE CORRECT
ANSWER-the purpose of measuring external rotation of the ankle
joint is to:
A. determine total amount of internal rotation of the tibia in a
normal adult
B. allow for toe out
C. determine amount of anterior deflection of the lateral
sidebar
D. insure that the mechanical ankle axis coincides with the
anatomical ankle axis in the transverse plane