AP Biology Exam Review ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
What are the essential elements? - CORRECT ANSWERS Oxygen,
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen "CHON"
Atomic mass - CORRECT ANSWERS # of protons and neutrons
Atomic number - CORRECT ANSWERS # of protons (which equals the
# of electrons)
Electronegativity - CORRECT ANSWERS attraction of an atom for the
electrons of a covalent bond, more electronegative, the stronger the pull
(Oxygen and Nitrogen > Carbon and Hydrogen)
What are the 5 properties of water? - CORRECT ANSWERS 1) Water is
polar (cohesion, adhesion, surface tension). 2) Water has a high specific heat. 3)
Evaporative cooling 4) Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid. 5) Water is
the solvent of life (pH, dissolving).
Why is carbon the central figure in organic molecules? - CORRECT
ANSWERS 4 available bonding sites = tetra valence
Hydroxyl - CORRECT ANSWERS OH-
Carbonyl - CORRECT ANSWERS C=O
Carboxyl - CORRECT ANSWERS COOH
,Amino - CORRECT ANSWERS NH2
Sulfhydryl - CORRECT ANSWERS -SH
Phosphate - CORRECT ANSWERS PO4 3-
Methyl - CORRECT ANSWERS CH3
Dehydration - CORRECT ANSWERS connecting monomers together by
the removal of water
Hydrolysis - CORRECT ANSWERS disassembling polymers by the
addition of water
*Carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWERS main source of energy for an
organism
Disaccharides - CORRECT ANSWERS glucose + glucose = maltose /
glucose + fructose = sucrose / glucose + galactose = lactose
Polysaccharides - CORRECT ANSWERS Plants: starch (energy) and
cellulose (structure)
Animals: glycogen (energy) and chitin (structure)
*Lipids - CORRECT ANSWERS hydrophobic (very non-polar), consist
of long hydrocarbon chains
, Fats - CORRECT ANSWERS consist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids, store
long term energy, saturated = no double bond in hydrocarbon tails (no kink),
unsaturated = double bond (kink)
Phospholipids - CORRECT ANSWERS consist of phosphate head,
glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails, tail is hydrophobic, head is hydrophillic
Steroids - CORRECT ANSWERS carbon skeleton with 4 rings (ex.
cholesterol, testosterone/estrogen)
Protein structure and organization - CORRECT ANSWERS composed of
an amino group, a carboxyl group, hydrogen, and an R group, joined by peptide
bonds and folded numerous times; 1) Primary (linear sequence) 2) Secondary
(helix or pleat) 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary (globular)
Protein functions (8) - CORRECT ANSWERS 1) enzymes 2) antibodies
3) storage proteins 4) transport proteins 5) hormones 6) receptor proteins 7)
motor proteins 8) structural proteins
*Nucleic Acids - CORRECT ANSWERS DNA (A+T, G+C) carries
genetic info, RNA (A+U, G+C) manufactures proteins
Pyrimidines - CORRECT ANSWERS 1 ring: cytosine, uracil, thymine
(CUT)
Purines - CORRECT ANSWERS 2 rings: adenine, guanine
Nuclear Envelope - CORRECT ANSWERS double membrane enclosing
the nucleus (where genetic info is stored) perforated with pores, continuous with
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QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
What are the essential elements? - CORRECT ANSWERS Oxygen,
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen "CHON"
Atomic mass - CORRECT ANSWERS # of protons and neutrons
Atomic number - CORRECT ANSWERS # of protons (which equals the
# of electrons)
Electronegativity - CORRECT ANSWERS attraction of an atom for the
electrons of a covalent bond, more electronegative, the stronger the pull
(Oxygen and Nitrogen > Carbon and Hydrogen)
What are the 5 properties of water? - CORRECT ANSWERS 1) Water is
polar (cohesion, adhesion, surface tension). 2) Water has a high specific heat. 3)
Evaporative cooling 4) Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid. 5) Water is
the solvent of life (pH, dissolving).
Why is carbon the central figure in organic molecules? - CORRECT
ANSWERS 4 available bonding sites = tetra valence
Hydroxyl - CORRECT ANSWERS OH-
Carbonyl - CORRECT ANSWERS C=O
Carboxyl - CORRECT ANSWERS COOH
,Amino - CORRECT ANSWERS NH2
Sulfhydryl - CORRECT ANSWERS -SH
Phosphate - CORRECT ANSWERS PO4 3-
Methyl - CORRECT ANSWERS CH3
Dehydration - CORRECT ANSWERS connecting monomers together by
the removal of water
Hydrolysis - CORRECT ANSWERS disassembling polymers by the
addition of water
*Carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWERS main source of energy for an
organism
Disaccharides - CORRECT ANSWERS glucose + glucose = maltose /
glucose + fructose = sucrose / glucose + galactose = lactose
Polysaccharides - CORRECT ANSWERS Plants: starch (energy) and
cellulose (structure)
Animals: glycogen (energy) and chitin (structure)
*Lipids - CORRECT ANSWERS hydrophobic (very non-polar), consist
of long hydrocarbon chains
, Fats - CORRECT ANSWERS consist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids, store
long term energy, saturated = no double bond in hydrocarbon tails (no kink),
unsaturated = double bond (kink)
Phospholipids - CORRECT ANSWERS consist of phosphate head,
glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails, tail is hydrophobic, head is hydrophillic
Steroids - CORRECT ANSWERS carbon skeleton with 4 rings (ex.
cholesterol, testosterone/estrogen)
Protein structure and organization - CORRECT ANSWERS composed of
an amino group, a carboxyl group, hydrogen, and an R group, joined by peptide
bonds and folded numerous times; 1) Primary (linear sequence) 2) Secondary
(helix or pleat) 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary (globular)
Protein functions (8) - CORRECT ANSWERS 1) enzymes 2) antibodies
3) storage proteins 4) transport proteins 5) hormones 6) receptor proteins 7)
motor proteins 8) structural proteins
*Nucleic Acids - CORRECT ANSWERS DNA (A+T, G+C) carries
genetic info, RNA (A+U, G+C) manufactures proteins
Pyrimidines - CORRECT ANSWERS 1 ring: cytosine, uracil, thymine
(CUT)
Purines - CORRECT ANSWERS 2 rings: adenine, guanine
Nuclear Envelope - CORRECT ANSWERS double membrane enclosing
the nucleus (where genetic info is stored) perforated with pores, continuous with
ER
