2026 UPDATE | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
1 of 125
Term
Viscous friction can be ignored because?
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The velocity profile in the The velocity profile is highly
center of the lumen is variable across the lumen
generally flat
The fluid is non-viscous and flows The flow is turbulent and
freely unpredictable
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2 of 125
Term
what does volumetric flow calculations include?
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SV,
CO,
Regurgitant volumes,
converts velocities into
Regurgitant fraction,
pressure gradients
stenotic or prosthetic
orifice areas,
intracardiac stunt ratios
moving the scale down will
make the shell bigger and AVA= CSA (lvot diameter2 x
easier to identify. .0785) x VTI (lvot) / VTI (AOV)
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3 of 125
Term
how to get the flow for PISA?
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, divide velocity by area of multiply velocity x area of
PISA (πR2) PISA (2pieR2)
subtract velocity from area of PISA
add velocity to area of PISA (2πR) (4πR2)
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4 of 125
Term
Bernoulli's Principle:
formula: _________
units:__________
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1. 4v²
2.mmH RVOT, PSSA aov
g
1. RVol / 1. SV /EDV x 100
SV (valve)
2.%
2.%
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, 5 of 125
Term
What does MPAP stand for?
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peak systolic pulmonary
mean right atrial pressure artery pressure
mean pulmonary
artery pressure central venous pressure
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6 of 125
Term
The four hallmarks of flow in mitral regurgitation:
1. flow convergence = ________
2.vena contracta = _________
3.flow disturbance = _________
4. PV flow reversal
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1. DBP- 4V 1. PISA
AR@ED²
2.narrowest point
2.mmHg
3.Jet size
3.3-12 mmHg