C1
Solid Liquid Gas
Structure Definite shape and Indefinite shape but Indefinite shape and
volume definite volume volume
Arrangement Tightly packed particles Particles are closely Particles are far apart
together but can move
past each other
Motion Particles vibrate in fixed Particles have more Particles move freely in
position freedom of movement all directions
than solids
Change of state
- Melting: Solid to Liquid
- Boiling: Liquid to Gas
- Evaporating: Liquid to Gas (at the surface)
isabelle
- Freezing: Liquid to Solid
- Condensing: Gas to Liquid
- Sublimation: Solid to Gas
Influence of temperature and pressure on gas particles
➢ Temperature: Increasing temperature increases the kinetic energy of particles,
causing them to move faster and occupy a larger volume
➢ Pressure: Increasing pressure compresses the gas, reducing the volume occupied by
gas particles
Particle theory
= Diffusion: the spontaneous movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration
,C2
Solvent
= substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution （融别人的）
Solute
= substance dissolved in the solvent （被融的）
Solution
= solvent + solid
Paper chromatography
= separating pigments using filter paper
● Identify what colour compounds are present in a mixture
● Purify a coloured compound
● 1. Ethanol (to make colourless spot visible) moves up the paper till it reaches the ink
line
isabelle
2. Ethanol dissolves the substance in the ink
3. Each substance travels at a different speed, depending on their attraction to the
ethanol and the paper - solvent rises up the paper due to capillary action
➔ Travel fastest - that substance is most soluble in ethanol
➔ Only one spot - substance is pure
➔ Same height - same substance
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
★ Rf= 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Filtration
= an undissolved/ insoluble solid can be separated from a solution by passing it through a
piece of filter paper in a filter funnel
● Filtrate: solution which passes through the filter paper
● Residue: solid that stays on the filter paper
Crystallisation
= extract a crystalline solid from a solution by heating the solution
● Heat the solution till the crystallisation point of the solid is reached
● Leave the solution to cool
● Filter the crystals from the solution
● Eg. sugar crystals from a sugar solution
, Distillation
= obtaining the solvent from a solution
● Salty water is heated until it boils and evaporates as steam, leaving behind the salt in
the flask
● Eg. water from seawater
Fractional Distillation
= separate a mixture of liquids with different boiling points
● For liquids which are miscible {mixed with each other}
● The temperature at the fractionating column (top) is lower than the temperature at the
bottom
● The more volatile {easier to boil} liquid evaporates and moves further up the column
● It eventually reaches the condenser where the vapour changes to a liquid
● Eg. ethanol from an ethanol/water mixture; separation of petroleum
isabelle
Solid Liquid Gas
Structure Definite shape and Indefinite shape but Indefinite shape and
volume definite volume volume
Arrangement Tightly packed particles Particles are closely Particles are far apart
together but can move
past each other
Motion Particles vibrate in fixed Particles have more Particles move freely in
position freedom of movement all directions
than solids
Change of state
- Melting: Solid to Liquid
- Boiling: Liquid to Gas
- Evaporating: Liquid to Gas (at the surface)
isabelle
- Freezing: Liquid to Solid
- Condensing: Gas to Liquid
- Sublimation: Solid to Gas
Influence of temperature and pressure on gas particles
➢ Temperature: Increasing temperature increases the kinetic energy of particles,
causing them to move faster and occupy a larger volume
➢ Pressure: Increasing pressure compresses the gas, reducing the volume occupied by
gas particles
Particle theory
= Diffusion: the spontaneous movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration
,C2
Solvent
= substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution （融别人的）
Solute
= substance dissolved in the solvent （被融的）
Solution
= solvent + solid
Paper chromatography
= separating pigments using filter paper
● Identify what colour compounds are present in a mixture
● Purify a coloured compound
● 1. Ethanol (to make colourless spot visible) moves up the paper till it reaches the ink
line
isabelle
2. Ethanol dissolves the substance in the ink
3. Each substance travels at a different speed, depending on their attraction to the
ethanol and the paper - solvent rises up the paper due to capillary action
➔ Travel fastest - that substance is most soluble in ethanol
➔ Only one spot - substance is pure
➔ Same height - same substance
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
★ Rf= 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Filtration
= an undissolved/ insoluble solid can be separated from a solution by passing it through a
piece of filter paper in a filter funnel
● Filtrate: solution which passes through the filter paper
● Residue: solid that stays on the filter paper
Crystallisation
= extract a crystalline solid from a solution by heating the solution
● Heat the solution till the crystallisation point of the solid is reached
● Leave the solution to cool
● Filter the crystals from the solution
● Eg. sugar crystals from a sugar solution
, Distillation
= obtaining the solvent from a solution
● Salty water is heated until it boils and evaporates as steam, leaving behind the salt in
the flask
● Eg. water from seawater
Fractional Distillation
= separate a mixture of liquids with different boiling points
● For liquids which are miscible {mixed with each other}
● The temperature at the fractionating column (top) is lower than the temperature at the
bottom
● The more volatile {easier to boil} liquid evaporates and moves further up the column
● It eventually reaches the condenser where the vapour changes to a liquid
● Eg. ethanol from an ethanol/water mixture; separation of petroleum
isabelle
