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BIOL 271/ BIOL271 Module 6 Exam – Microbiology
(2026/2027) | Complete Practice Questions & 100%
Accurate Answers | Portage Learning
Who developed innovate laboratory glassware and experimental methods that conducted to the
young field of bacteriology in the late 19th century?
Louis Pasteur
1861 - The Pasteur Effect
-introduces terms aerobic and anaerobic
-observes that alcohol was produced in absence of oxygen when sugar is fermented
1880 - Attenuated Vaccines
-Pasteur develops a method of attenuating a virulent pathogen, so it would immunize and not
cause disease
-conceptual breakthrough for establishing protection against disease by inoculation of a a
weakened strain of causative agent
1890 - Bacterial Nitrification
-Windogradsky succeeds in isolating nitrifying bacteria from soil and preforms major definitive
work on organisms responsible for process of nitrification in nature
1897 - Yeast Fementation
-Buchner publishes first evidence of a cell-free fermentation process using extracts isolated from
yeast
-this discovery refutes Pasteur's claim that fermentation requires presence of live cells
1901 - Growth Factors
-water-soluble compound of yeast, later found to be a B vitamin that is required for the growth of
yeast
1905 - Chemicals Produced by Bacteria
-aerobic bacilli isolated —> produces acetone, ethanol, and acetic acid
1906 - Energy and Carbon Sources
-groundbreaking work on methane-using and methane-producing bacteria
-first proof that methane can serve as an energy and carbon source
1924 - Oxidation, Fermentation, and Biosynthesis
-points out that life on earth would not be possible without microbes
,1928 - Bacterial Transformation
-Griffith discovers transformation in bacteria and establishes the foundation of molecular
genetics
1944 - DNA role in Bacterial Transformation
-shows that DNA is the transforming material in cells
1957 - Microbial Production of Amino Acids
-discovers that bacteria can be used to produce monosodium glutamate
-leads to a new industry
1967 - Understanding Synthesis of Proteins Through Translation
-proposed the existence of transfer RNA that uses a three base code and mediates in the synthesis
of proteins
-triplet nature of genetic code was first found in T4 phage
1965 - Molecular Systematics
-Pauling unlocked the key to the field of nucleic acid-based identification of microorganisms by
intro of the concept of molecular systematics using proteins and nucleic acids
1966 - Genetic Control
-realization that chromosomes could be redesigned and genes moved
1967 - Thermophile Bacterium Machinery
-Brock identifies a thermophile bacterium from which heat stable DNA polymerase is later
isolated and used in PCR
1970 - Restriction Enzymes & Reverse Transciptase
-Smith & Wilcox describe the action of restriction enzymes which quickly becomes tools for
sizing DNA
-Howard Temin & David Baltimore independently discover reverse transcriptase in RNA viruses
1973 - Recombinant DNA
-if DNA is broken into fragments & combined w/ plasmid DNA, such recombinant DNA
molecules will reproduce if inserted into bacterial cells
1977 - Sequencing DNA
-Gilbert uses technique to determine the sequence of an operon in a bacterial genome
-Sanger use the technique to determine the sequence of all 5375 nucelotides of phage phi-X174
1988 - PCR Technology
-heat stable DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus to establish PCR technology
,Key discovery: Virulent pathogens can be attenuated
Scientific significance?
conceptual breakthrough for the development of vaccines
Key discovery: Isolation of aerobic bacilli
Scientific significance?
used for the production of important industrial chemicals
Key discovery: Transformation discovered in bacteria
Scientific significance?
helped form the basis of molecular genetics
Key discovery: Discovery of a three-base code in T4 bacteriophage
Scientific significance?
all forms of life use this principle to mediate protein syntheis
Key discovery: Lac region of E.coli was transported into another organism
Scientific significance?
realized chromosomes can be redesigned and genes moved
Key discovery: Identification of Thermus aquaticus
Scientific significance?
isolation of a heat stable polymerase, which is now used for PCR
Griffith discovers transformation and launches the field of molecular genetics:
Griffith was the first to show that bacteria can shuttle 'information' between cells in a process he
called 'transformation'
Key discovery: Lac region of E.coli was transported into another organism
Scientific significance?
Realized chromosomes can be redesigned and genes moved
Key discovery: Identification of Thermus aquatics
Scientific significance?
Isolation of a heat stable polymerase which is now used for PCR
TRUE OR FALSE: the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 had killed more people than WWI, at
somewhere between 20 to 40 million people, and left both medical and scientific professionals at
odds as to its cause.
True
, In the late 1920's Frederick Griffith was studying the possibility of creating a vaccine for
__________________ caused by what?
-pneumonia
-S. pneumoniae
Griffith used two strains of S. pneumoniae to infect mice - a type III-S smooth strain which was
______________, and a type II-R rough strain which was _______________.
Virulent, nonvirulent
Smooth vs rough strain?
Smooth —> presence of a protective capsule layer on the bacterium
Rough —> absence of a protective capsule layer on the bacterium
When heat-killed smooth strain OR rough strain is injected in a mouse, it _______. If a mix of
the two stains is injected into the same mouse, it _________.
Lives, dies
In 2010, the first example of a bacterium capable of replication with a totally _____________
genome was published.
Synthetic
2010 Creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesized genome - They made the
resulting 1.08-Mbp genome from a strain of Mycoplasma by synthesizing _______ fragments of
DNA and including _______________ that allow them to differentiate the synthetic genome
from a naturally occurring one.
Large, watermarks (inserted encrypted info into genome)
4 steps of synthetic genome synthesis via homologous recombination:
1) short, overlapping stretches of DNA in 1080-bp in size were synthesized
2) these were assembled in sets of 10 to produce 109 ~10kb pieces
3) these were assembled into 11 ~100kb fragments
4) the 11 fragments were joined to form the complete genome
In 2012, researchers designed a totally new nucleotide base and then used it in a ____________
to show that DNA with his base could be _____________.
Plasmid, replicated
What did the work with expanding the genetic code in 2012 open the door to?
Eventually designing new amino acids and proteins
BIOL 271/ BIOL271 Module 6 Exam – Microbiology
(2026/2027) | Complete Practice Questions & 100%
Accurate Answers | Portage Learning
Who developed innovate laboratory glassware and experimental methods that conducted to the
young field of bacteriology in the late 19th century?
Louis Pasteur
1861 - The Pasteur Effect
-introduces terms aerobic and anaerobic
-observes that alcohol was produced in absence of oxygen when sugar is fermented
1880 - Attenuated Vaccines
-Pasteur develops a method of attenuating a virulent pathogen, so it would immunize and not
cause disease
-conceptual breakthrough for establishing protection against disease by inoculation of a a
weakened strain of causative agent
1890 - Bacterial Nitrification
-Windogradsky succeeds in isolating nitrifying bacteria from soil and preforms major definitive
work on organisms responsible for process of nitrification in nature
1897 - Yeast Fementation
-Buchner publishes first evidence of a cell-free fermentation process using extracts isolated from
yeast
-this discovery refutes Pasteur's claim that fermentation requires presence of live cells
1901 - Growth Factors
-water-soluble compound of yeast, later found to be a B vitamin that is required for the growth of
yeast
1905 - Chemicals Produced by Bacteria
-aerobic bacilli isolated —> produces acetone, ethanol, and acetic acid
1906 - Energy and Carbon Sources
-groundbreaking work on methane-using and methane-producing bacteria
-first proof that methane can serve as an energy and carbon source
1924 - Oxidation, Fermentation, and Biosynthesis
-points out that life on earth would not be possible without microbes
,1928 - Bacterial Transformation
-Griffith discovers transformation in bacteria and establishes the foundation of molecular
genetics
1944 - DNA role in Bacterial Transformation
-shows that DNA is the transforming material in cells
1957 - Microbial Production of Amino Acids
-discovers that bacteria can be used to produce monosodium glutamate
-leads to a new industry
1967 - Understanding Synthesis of Proteins Through Translation
-proposed the existence of transfer RNA that uses a three base code and mediates in the synthesis
of proteins
-triplet nature of genetic code was first found in T4 phage
1965 - Molecular Systematics
-Pauling unlocked the key to the field of nucleic acid-based identification of microorganisms by
intro of the concept of molecular systematics using proteins and nucleic acids
1966 - Genetic Control
-realization that chromosomes could be redesigned and genes moved
1967 - Thermophile Bacterium Machinery
-Brock identifies a thermophile bacterium from which heat stable DNA polymerase is later
isolated and used in PCR
1970 - Restriction Enzymes & Reverse Transciptase
-Smith & Wilcox describe the action of restriction enzymes which quickly becomes tools for
sizing DNA
-Howard Temin & David Baltimore independently discover reverse transcriptase in RNA viruses
1973 - Recombinant DNA
-if DNA is broken into fragments & combined w/ plasmid DNA, such recombinant DNA
molecules will reproduce if inserted into bacterial cells
1977 - Sequencing DNA
-Gilbert uses technique to determine the sequence of an operon in a bacterial genome
-Sanger use the technique to determine the sequence of all 5375 nucelotides of phage phi-X174
1988 - PCR Technology
-heat stable DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus to establish PCR technology
,Key discovery: Virulent pathogens can be attenuated
Scientific significance?
conceptual breakthrough for the development of vaccines
Key discovery: Isolation of aerobic bacilli
Scientific significance?
used for the production of important industrial chemicals
Key discovery: Transformation discovered in bacteria
Scientific significance?
helped form the basis of molecular genetics
Key discovery: Discovery of a three-base code in T4 bacteriophage
Scientific significance?
all forms of life use this principle to mediate protein syntheis
Key discovery: Lac region of E.coli was transported into another organism
Scientific significance?
realized chromosomes can be redesigned and genes moved
Key discovery: Identification of Thermus aquaticus
Scientific significance?
isolation of a heat stable polymerase, which is now used for PCR
Griffith discovers transformation and launches the field of molecular genetics:
Griffith was the first to show that bacteria can shuttle 'information' between cells in a process he
called 'transformation'
Key discovery: Lac region of E.coli was transported into another organism
Scientific significance?
Realized chromosomes can be redesigned and genes moved
Key discovery: Identification of Thermus aquatics
Scientific significance?
Isolation of a heat stable polymerase which is now used for PCR
TRUE OR FALSE: the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 had killed more people than WWI, at
somewhere between 20 to 40 million people, and left both medical and scientific professionals at
odds as to its cause.
True
, In the late 1920's Frederick Griffith was studying the possibility of creating a vaccine for
__________________ caused by what?
-pneumonia
-S. pneumoniae
Griffith used two strains of S. pneumoniae to infect mice - a type III-S smooth strain which was
______________, and a type II-R rough strain which was _______________.
Virulent, nonvirulent
Smooth vs rough strain?
Smooth —> presence of a protective capsule layer on the bacterium
Rough —> absence of a protective capsule layer on the bacterium
When heat-killed smooth strain OR rough strain is injected in a mouse, it _______. If a mix of
the two stains is injected into the same mouse, it _________.
Lives, dies
In 2010, the first example of a bacterium capable of replication with a totally _____________
genome was published.
Synthetic
2010 Creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesized genome - They made the
resulting 1.08-Mbp genome from a strain of Mycoplasma by synthesizing _______ fragments of
DNA and including _______________ that allow them to differentiate the synthetic genome
from a naturally occurring one.
Large, watermarks (inserted encrypted info into genome)
4 steps of synthetic genome synthesis via homologous recombination:
1) short, overlapping stretches of DNA in 1080-bp in size were synthesized
2) these were assembled in sets of 10 to produce 109 ~10kb pieces
3) these were assembled into 11 ~100kb fragments
4) the 11 fragments were joined to form the complete genome
In 2012, researchers designed a totally new nucleotide base and then used it in a ____________
to show that DNA with his base could be _____________.
Plasmid, replicated
What did the work with expanding the genetic code in 2012 open the door to?
Eventually designing new amino acids and proteins
