MSN 570 PROFESSORS NOTES MIDTERM
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ACTUAL EXAM
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
⩥ What are 5 s/s of asthma. Answer: coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
⩥ Pathophysiology of asthma (5). Answer: -airway inflammation,
bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
⩥ Bronchioles. Answer: smaller passageways that originate from the
bronchi that become the alveoli
⩥ 3 layers of the bronchioles. Answer: innermost layer
,middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
⩥ lamina propria. Answer: the middle layer of the bronchioles
⩥ structure of the lamina propria. Answer: embedded with connective
tissue cells and immune cells
⩥ purpose of the lamina propria. Answer: white blood cells are present
to help protect the airways
⩥ How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma.
Answer: the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an
inflammatory response that damages host tissue
⩥ What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain. Answer:
columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
⩥ What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain. Answer:
smooth muscle cells
⩥ what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do. Answer: control
the airways ability to constrict and dilate
,⩥ alveolar hyperinflation. Answer: When air is unable to move out of
the alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around
possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
⩥ how does hyperinflation occur?. Answer: the ongoing inflammatory
process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls
collapse around
⩥ Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar. Answer: -expanded thorax and
hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
⩥ What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma. Answer:
tiotropium and ipratropium
⩥ What do anticholinergics do in the lungs?. Answer: These drugs block
the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
⩥ MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma. Answer: the
parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release
acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory
tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
, - blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding
preventing the bronchial constriction
⩥ bronchitis. Answer: inflammation of the bronchial tubes
⩥ 3 characteristics of bronchitis. Answer: bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2
successive years
⩥ Perfusion. Answer: The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes
from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood
through the capillaries.
⩥ results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion. Answer: cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
⩥ Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis. Answer: there is
hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
⩥ Right to left shunting. Answer: when blood passes from the right
ventricle through the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ACTUAL EXAM
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
⩥ What are 5 s/s of asthma. Answer: coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
⩥ Pathophysiology of asthma (5). Answer: -airway inflammation,
bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
⩥ Bronchioles. Answer: smaller passageways that originate from the
bronchi that become the alveoli
⩥ 3 layers of the bronchioles. Answer: innermost layer
,middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
⩥ lamina propria. Answer: the middle layer of the bronchioles
⩥ structure of the lamina propria. Answer: embedded with connective
tissue cells and immune cells
⩥ purpose of the lamina propria. Answer: white blood cells are present
to help protect the airways
⩥ How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma.
Answer: the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an
inflammatory response that damages host tissue
⩥ What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain. Answer:
columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
⩥ What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain. Answer:
smooth muscle cells
⩥ what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do. Answer: control
the airways ability to constrict and dilate
,⩥ alveolar hyperinflation. Answer: When air is unable to move out of
the alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around
possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
⩥ how does hyperinflation occur?. Answer: the ongoing inflammatory
process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls
collapse around
⩥ Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar. Answer: -expanded thorax and
hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
⩥ What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma. Answer:
tiotropium and ipratropium
⩥ What do anticholinergics do in the lungs?. Answer: These drugs block
the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
⩥ MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma. Answer: the
parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release
acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory
tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
, - blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding
preventing the bronchial constriction
⩥ bronchitis. Answer: inflammation of the bronchial tubes
⩥ 3 characteristics of bronchitis. Answer: bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2
successive years
⩥ Perfusion. Answer: The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes
from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood
through the capillaries.
⩥ results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion. Answer: cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
⩥ Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis. Answer: there is
hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
⩥ Right to left shunting. Answer: when blood passes from the right
ventricle through the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
