Exam 1 Pathophysiology Study Guide
Week 1 Cellular Components
Organelles:
• Nucleus: stores genetic information, contains all genetic material
• Mitochondria: power plant of the cell; where ATP is produced, metabolism of cellular
energy, where oxidative phosphorylation occurs
• Ribosomes: the protein making factories of the cell; responsible for protein synthesis,
vital for cell growth and survival; decode DNA into a protein in the cytoplasm
o If you don’t have enough ribosomes then you aren’t going to make enough protein
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum: ribosomes attached, moves proteins and other substances
through cell
• Smooth yendoplasmic yreticulum: yresponsible yfor ymaking ysteroids yand ydetoxification
• Lysosome: ydegrade yand yrecycle ywaste; ydigest yand ybreakdown yorganic ymolecules
ywith yhydrolase yenzymes
• Peroxisomes: ydigest yand ybreakdown yorganic ymolecules ywith ymolecular yoxygen;
yhave ya ybyproduct yof yH202 y(hydrogen yperoxide), ytoo ymuch yoxidative yreaction
yleads yto yfree yradicals
• Golgi yApparatus: ypackaging yand ydistribution; yreceives ynewly ysynthesized yprotein
yand ymodifies ywith ysome ysugar ymolecules yto ysend ywhere yit yneeds yto ygo
Cell yMembrane
• Plasma ymembrane yis ymade yup yof ya yphospholipid ybilayer y(lipids,
yproteins, yand ypolysaccharides)
• Keeps yICF yand yECF yseparate
• Responsible yfor yletting ysubstances yinto yand yout yof ythe ycell
• Sodium yis ythe ymain yion yfor yECF
• Potassium yis ythe ymain yion yfor yICF
Cell yJunctions
• Tight yjunctions: yimpermeable, yhelp ycells ymove ytogether yand ydon’t yallow
ythings yin; yhelp yto yconduct yforce ylike ypumping ythe yheart yand ymoving yhard
ystool
• Gap yjunctions: ychannels ythat yallow yfor yconductivity ylike ythe yheart yand
ynerve ycells; ysynchronize ycontractions yof yheart ymuscles ythrough yionic
ycoupling
• Desmosomes: yhold ycells ytogether yby yforming yeither ycontinuous ybands yof
ybelts yof yepithelial ysheets yor ybutton ylike ypoints yof ycontact
Cellular yCommunication
• Contact-Dependent: yone ymembrane yhas ythe ysignal yand ythe yother yhas ythe
yreceiver, ymust ymake ycontact yto ycommunicate
• Paracrine: ya ycell ysecretes ysomething yto ytarget ycells yand ythey ypick yit yup
, • Autocrine: ysignals yitself yto ymake ysomething
o Neural yhormone ysecretions: yestrogen, ytestosterone
o Neurotransmitters
yTransportation
• Non-energy yforms: yDiffusion, yfacilitated ydiffusion, yosmosis
• Energy yforms: yActive ytransport
• Diffusion: ynet ymovement yof ymolecules yfrom yan yarea yof yhigh yconcentration yto
yan yarea yof ylow yconcentration
• Facilitated ydiffusion: ytransport yof ysubstances yacross ythe ymembrane yfrom yan
yarea yof yhigh yconcentration yto yan yarea yof ylow yconcentration ywith ythe yhelp
yof ytransport
▪ Lock yand ykey ymechanism
• Osmosis: ydiffusion yof ywater ythrough ya ysemi-permeable ymembrane ydown yits
yconcentration ygradient; ythis yoccurs ywhen ythere yis yan yimbalance yof ysolutes
youtside yof ya
cell ycompared yto ythe yinside yof ythe ycell; ywater ymoves yto ythe ygreater
yconcentration yof yions
*Hypotonic yfluids: ywater ymoves yinto ycells ycausing ythem yto yswell
**do ynot ygive yto ycerebral yedema**
*Isotonic yfluids: yneither yshrink ynor yswell,
ybalance
*Hypertonic yfluids: ywater ymoves yout yof ycells ycausing ythem yto
yshrink
**careful ywith yfluid yoverload**
• Active yTransport y(see ychart)
Cellular yMetabolism
• Oxidative yPhosphorylation: ythe yprocess yin ywhich yATP yis yformed yby
ytransfer yof yelectrons y(occurs yin ythe ymitochondria)
• Mitochondria yturns ycarbs, yproteins, yand yfats yinto yATP
• Aerobic yrespiration: y36 yATP
• Anaerobic yrespiration: y2 yATP
• During yischemia, ywhat yeffect ydoes ythe yloss yof ythe yadenosine ytriphosphate
y(ATP) ylevel yhave yon ycells? yCells yswell ydue yto ythe yinflux yof ysodium ychloride
y(NaCl)
• ATP=energy
• Aerobic ymetabolism y= yneeds yoxygen
• A yreduction yin yATP ylevels ycauses ythe yplasma ymembrane’s ysodium-potassium
ypump yand ysodium-calcium yexchange yto yfail, yleading yto yan yintracellular
yaccumulation yof
sodium yand ycalcium yand ydiffusion yof ypotassium yout yof ythe ycell; ysodium yand
ywater ycan yenter ythe ycell yfreely ycausing ycellular yswelling
• What yhappens ywhen yoxygen yreserves yare ydepleted? yAnaerobic
ymetabolism y(glycolysis)
Membrane yPotential
Week 1 Cellular Components
Organelles:
• Nucleus: stores genetic information, contains all genetic material
• Mitochondria: power plant of the cell; where ATP is produced, metabolism of cellular
energy, where oxidative phosphorylation occurs
• Ribosomes: the protein making factories of the cell; responsible for protein synthesis,
vital for cell growth and survival; decode DNA into a protein in the cytoplasm
o If you don’t have enough ribosomes then you aren’t going to make enough protein
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum: ribosomes attached, moves proteins and other substances
through cell
• Smooth yendoplasmic yreticulum: yresponsible yfor ymaking ysteroids yand ydetoxification
• Lysosome: ydegrade yand yrecycle ywaste; ydigest yand ybreakdown yorganic ymolecules
ywith yhydrolase yenzymes
• Peroxisomes: ydigest yand ybreakdown yorganic ymolecules ywith ymolecular yoxygen;
yhave ya ybyproduct yof yH202 y(hydrogen yperoxide), ytoo ymuch yoxidative yreaction
yleads yto yfree yradicals
• Golgi yApparatus: ypackaging yand ydistribution; yreceives ynewly ysynthesized yprotein
yand ymodifies ywith ysome ysugar ymolecules yto ysend ywhere yit yneeds yto ygo
Cell yMembrane
• Plasma ymembrane yis ymade yup yof ya yphospholipid ybilayer y(lipids,
yproteins, yand ypolysaccharides)
• Keeps yICF yand yECF yseparate
• Responsible yfor yletting ysubstances yinto yand yout yof ythe ycell
• Sodium yis ythe ymain yion yfor yECF
• Potassium yis ythe ymain yion yfor yICF
Cell yJunctions
• Tight yjunctions: yimpermeable, yhelp ycells ymove ytogether yand ydon’t yallow
ythings yin; yhelp yto yconduct yforce ylike ypumping ythe yheart yand ymoving yhard
ystool
• Gap yjunctions: ychannels ythat yallow yfor yconductivity ylike ythe yheart yand
ynerve ycells; ysynchronize ycontractions yof yheart ymuscles ythrough yionic
ycoupling
• Desmosomes: yhold ycells ytogether yby yforming yeither ycontinuous ybands yof
ybelts yof yepithelial ysheets yor ybutton ylike ypoints yof ycontact
Cellular yCommunication
• Contact-Dependent: yone ymembrane yhas ythe ysignal yand ythe yother yhas ythe
yreceiver, ymust ymake ycontact yto ycommunicate
• Paracrine: ya ycell ysecretes ysomething yto ytarget ycells yand ythey ypick yit yup
, • Autocrine: ysignals yitself yto ymake ysomething
o Neural yhormone ysecretions: yestrogen, ytestosterone
o Neurotransmitters
yTransportation
• Non-energy yforms: yDiffusion, yfacilitated ydiffusion, yosmosis
• Energy yforms: yActive ytransport
• Diffusion: ynet ymovement yof ymolecules yfrom yan yarea yof yhigh yconcentration yto
yan yarea yof ylow yconcentration
• Facilitated ydiffusion: ytransport yof ysubstances yacross ythe ymembrane yfrom yan
yarea yof yhigh yconcentration yto yan yarea yof ylow yconcentration ywith ythe yhelp
yof ytransport
▪ Lock yand ykey ymechanism
• Osmosis: ydiffusion yof ywater ythrough ya ysemi-permeable ymembrane ydown yits
yconcentration ygradient; ythis yoccurs ywhen ythere yis yan yimbalance yof ysolutes
youtside yof ya
cell ycompared yto ythe yinside yof ythe ycell; ywater ymoves yto ythe ygreater
yconcentration yof yions
*Hypotonic yfluids: ywater ymoves yinto ycells ycausing ythem yto yswell
**do ynot ygive yto ycerebral yedema**
*Isotonic yfluids: yneither yshrink ynor yswell,
ybalance
*Hypertonic yfluids: ywater ymoves yout yof ycells ycausing ythem yto
yshrink
**careful ywith yfluid yoverload**
• Active yTransport y(see ychart)
Cellular yMetabolism
• Oxidative yPhosphorylation: ythe yprocess yin ywhich yATP yis yformed yby
ytransfer yof yelectrons y(occurs yin ythe ymitochondria)
• Mitochondria yturns ycarbs, yproteins, yand yfats yinto yATP
• Aerobic yrespiration: y36 yATP
• Anaerobic yrespiration: y2 yATP
• During yischemia, ywhat yeffect ydoes ythe yloss yof ythe yadenosine ytriphosphate
y(ATP) ylevel yhave yon ycells? yCells yswell ydue yto ythe yinflux yof ysodium ychloride
y(NaCl)
• ATP=energy
• Aerobic ymetabolism y= yneeds yoxygen
• A yreduction yin yATP ylevels ycauses ythe yplasma ymembrane’s ysodium-potassium
ypump yand ysodium-calcium yexchange yto yfail, yleading yto yan yintracellular
yaccumulation yof
sodium yand ycalcium yand ydiffusion yof ypotassium yout yof ythe ycell; ysodium yand
ywater ycan yenter ythe ycell yfreely ycausing ycellular yswelling
• What yhappens ywhen yoxygen yreserves yare ydepleted? yAnaerobic
ymetabolism y(glycolysis)
Membrane yPotential
