CPL Human Factors Exam Q&A: Aviation Safety and Physiology, Exams of
Science education
34.2.2 Define professionalism - ANSWER"Professionalism is a mindset, it
comes from having the attitude, ethic and discipline to do the right thing -
every time, all the time, regardless of who's watching"
34.2.4 Piloting for personal reasons versus piloting for hire or reward -
ANSWERPersonal Reasons: Hobby and Recreational, less pressure
experienced.
Hire and Reward: Commercial Operations, more pressure experienced.
34.2.6 People whom the pilot in command is responsible to in carrying out
his or her duties. - ANSWER* Passengers
* Authorities
* Public
34.2.8 Key features of good and safe airmanship. - ANSWER"Airmanship is
the consistent use of good judgement and well developed skills to accomplish
flight objectives. This consistency is founded on a corner stone of
,uncompromising flight discipline and developed through systematic skill
acquisition and proficiency. A high state of situational awareness completes
the airmanship picture and is obtained through knowledge of one's self,
aircraft, team, environment, and risk." - Tony Kern, 1996.
34.4.2 Define human factors as used in a professional aviation context. -
ANSWERThe interaction between people,machines, and the aircraft.
Its main purpose is to reduce accidents and increase efficiency.
It includes all parts of aviation - airlines, aero clubs, training organisations,
ATC and engineering.Tools used are CRM (Crew Resource Management),
safety management, incident/accident investigation and management
concepts.
34.4.4. The SHELL Model - ANSWERSOFTWARE COCKPIT LAYOUT/DISPLAYS
HARDWARE HUMAN BEINGS
ENVIRONMENT RULES AND PROCDURES
LIVEWARE ENVIRONMENT/CLIMATE
Components of the SHELL model each interface with the livewire central.
Liveware (Central) to Liveware (Others): This includes leadership and
teamwork. It includes programmes like CRM.
Liveware to Software: Software refers to the laws, rules, regulations, SOP's,
checklists and customs.
,Liveware to Hardware: Human to machine integration, including ergonomics
of seats, displays to match the sensory and information processing of the
user.
Liveware to Environment: The physical environment that the aircraft operate
in. The social and economic climate as well as the natural environment. May
be out of direct human control, but can be improved.
34.4.6 The role of human factors programmes in promoting aviation safety in
flight operations: - ANSWERIn the late 1970's it was identified that the main
cause of crashes were failures due to interpersonal communications, decision
making and leadership.
34.4.8 The importance of an effective human factors programme in flight
operations - ANSWER1st generation CRM attempted to modify the individual
styles and correct deficiencies in behavior such as lack of assertiveness by
juniors and authoritarian behavior by captains.
The programmes have been continually developed and include others such as
LOFT (Line Operations Flight Training) and TEM (Threat And Error
Management) with the overall arching aspect to improve the safety of
operations.
34.6.2 Percentages of the main gases in the atmosphere. - ANSWER78%
Nitrogen
20% Oxygen
1% Other
, 34.6.4 Describe the variation of pressure as altitude increases -
ANSWERPressure decreases with an increase in altitude.
At 18000' pressure is Half
At 35000' pressure is Quarter
34.6.6 Explain how the partial pressure of oxygen changes as altitude
increases - ANSWERPressure of the atmosphere at sea level is 760 mmHg.
Therefore the partial pressure of Oxygen is 159 mmHg (21% of 760mmHg)
At 18000' 79.8
34.8.2 The basic anatomy of the respiratory system - ANSWER
34.8.4 Physiology of the respiratory system - ANSWER
34.8.6 Basic anatomy of the circulatory system - ANSWER
34.8.8 Physiology of the circulatory system - ANSWEROxygen rich blood
travels through the left ventricle through the aorta to the arteries which
distribute oxygenated blood to all parts of the body via capillaries.
Oxygen poor blood travels through the veins, through the right atrium to the
right ventricle, back to the lungs where the blood is re-oxygenated
34.8.10 Describe the role of lungs in oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer -
ANSWERThe lungs are housed in the chest cavity as we breathe in and out
the diaphragm expands and contracts. The low pressure in the chest cavity as
we exhale, draws air down the bronchial passage to the alveoli allowing the
diffusion of oxygen.
Science education
34.2.2 Define professionalism - ANSWER"Professionalism is a mindset, it
comes from having the attitude, ethic and discipline to do the right thing -
every time, all the time, regardless of who's watching"
34.2.4 Piloting for personal reasons versus piloting for hire or reward -
ANSWERPersonal Reasons: Hobby and Recreational, less pressure
experienced.
Hire and Reward: Commercial Operations, more pressure experienced.
34.2.6 People whom the pilot in command is responsible to in carrying out
his or her duties. - ANSWER* Passengers
* Authorities
* Public
34.2.8 Key features of good and safe airmanship. - ANSWER"Airmanship is
the consistent use of good judgement and well developed skills to accomplish
flight objectives. This consistency is founded on a corner stone of
,uncompromising flight discipline and developed through systematic skill
acquisition and proficiency. A high state of situational awareness completes
the airmanship picture and is obtained through knowledge of one's self,
aircraft, team, environment, and risk." - Tony Kern, 1996.
34.4.2 Define human factors as used in a professional aviation context. -
ANSWERThe interaction between people,machines, and the aircraft.
Its main purpose is to reduce accidents and increase efficiency.
It includes all parts of aviation - airlines, aero clubs, training organisations,
ATC and engineering.Tools used are CRM (Crew Resource Management),
safety management, incident/accident investigation and management
concepts.
34.4.4. The SHELL Model - ANSWERSOFTWARE COCKPIT LAYOUT/DISPLAYS
HARDWARE HUMAN BEINGS
ENVIRONMENT RULES AND PROCDURES
LIVEWARE ENVIRONMENT/CLIMATE
Components of the SHELL model each interface with the livewire central.
Liveware (Central) to Liveware (Others): This includes leadership and
teamwork. It includes programmes like CRM.
Liveware to Software: Software refers to the laws, rules, regulations, SOP's,
checklists and customs.
,Liveware to Hardware: Human to machine integration, including ergonomics
of seats, displays to match the sensory and information processing of the
user.
Liveware to Environment: The physical environment that the aircraft operate
in. The social and economic climate as well as the natural environment. May
be out of direct human control, but can be improved.
34.4.6 The role of human factors programmes in promoting aviation safety in
flight operations: - ANSWERIn the late 1970's it was identified that the main
cause of crashes were failures due to interpersonal communications, decision
making and leadership.
34.4.8 The importance of an effective human factors programme in flight
operations - ANSWER1st generation CRM attempted to modify the individual
styles and correct deficiencies in behavior such as lack of assertiveness by
juniors and authoritarian behavior by captains.
The programmes have been continually developed and include others such as
LOFT (Line Operations Flight Training) and TEM (Threat And Error
Management) with the overall arching aspect to improve the safety of
operations.
34.6.2 Percentages of the main gases in the atmosphere. - ANSWER78%
Nitrogen
20% Oxygen
1% Other
, 34.6.4 Describe the variation of pressure as altitude increases -
ANSWERPressure decreases with an increase in altitude.
At 18000' pressure is Half
At 35000' pressure is Quarter
34.6.6 Explain how the partial pressure of oxygen changes as altitude
increases - ANSWERPressure of the atmosphere at sea level is 760 mmHg.
Therefore the partial pressure of Oxygen is 159 mmHg (21% of 760mmHg)
At 18000' 79.8
34.8.2 The basic anatomy of the respiratory system - ANSWER
34.8.4 Physiology of the respiratory system - ANSWER
34.8.6 Basic anatomy of the circulatory system - ANSWER
34.8.8 Physiology of the circulatory system - ANSWEROxygen rich blood
travels through the left ventricle through the aorta to the arteries which
distribute oxygenated blood to all parts of the body via capillaries.
Oxygen poor blood travels through the veins, through the right atrium to the
right ventricle, back to the lungs where the blood is re-oxygenated
34.8.10 Describe the role of lungs in oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer -
ANSWERThe lungs are housed in the chest cavity as we breathe in and out
the diaphragm expands and contracts. The low pressure in the chest cavity as
we exhale, draws air down the bronchial passage to the alveoli allowing the
diffusion of oxygen.
