,Med Surg Quick Notes
Table of Contents
1 Cardiology I Exam Notes ...................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Cardiology Terms & Introduction .................................................................................................................. 8
1.2 Pharmacology: Lipid Lowering Drugs........................................................................................................... 8
1.3 Clinical Medicine: Lipids ............................................................................................................................. 10
1.4 Pharmacology: Antihypertensives .............................................................................................................. 13
1.5 Clinical Medicine: Hypertension ................................................................................................................. 16
1.6 Pharmacology: Ischemic Heart Disease .................................................................................................... 18
1.7 Clinical Medicine: Ischemic Heart Disease ................................................................................................ 19
1.8 Pharmacology & Clinical Medicine: Heart Failure ...................................................................................... 24
1.9 Pharmacology & Clinical Medicine: Arrhythmias ........................................................................................ 30
1.10 Clinical Medicine: Cardiovascular Disease Prevention .............................................................................. 31
2 Cardiology II Exam Notes ................................................................................................................................... 32
2.1 Valvular Heart Disease, Infective Endocarditis, and Rheumatic Fever ...................................................... 32
2.2 Vascular Disease ....................................................................................................................................... 37
2.3 Myocardial and Pericardial Disease ........................................................................................................... 41
2.4 Arrhythmias ................................................................................................................................................ 44
3 Dermatology Exam Notes ................................................................................................................................... 46
3.1 Introduction to Dermatology ....................................................................................................................... 46
3.2 Common Bacterial Skin Infections ............................................................................................................. 49
3.3 Fungal and Viral Infections of the Skin ....................................................................................................... 53
3.4 Contact Dermatitis...................................................................................................................................... 56
3.5 Common Inflammatory Dermatoses........................................................................................................... 58
3.6 Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Diseases ...................................................................................... 61
3.7 Acne ........................................................................................................................................................... 65
3.8 Warts.......................................................................................................................................................... 68
3.9 Hair and Nails ............................................................................................................................................ 69
3.10 Human Ectoparasites ................................................................................................................................. 72
4 Emergency Medicine Exam Notes ...................................................................................................................... 75
4.1 Chest Pain Presentations & Cardiac Emergencies .................................................................................... 75
4.2 Infectious Disease Emergencies ................................................................................................................ 81
4.3 Respiratory Emergencies & Airway Management ...................................................................................... 90
4.4 Genitourinary Emergencies ........................................................................................................................ 95
4.5 Acute Abdomen ....................................................................................................................................... 100
4.6 GI Bleed ................................................................................................................................................... 103
4.7 Ocular Emergencies................................................................................................................................. 107
4.8 Introduction to Point of Care Ultrasound .................................................................................................. 112
5 Emergency Medicine Exam II Notes ................................................................................................................. 115
5.1 Burns........................................................................................................................................................ 115
5.2 Neurological Emergencies & Head and Spine Trauma ............................................................................ 119
5.3 Pediatric Emergencies ............................................................................................................................. 131
5.4 Shock ....................................................................................................................................................... 135
5.5 Orthopedic Emergencies .......................................................................................................................... 138
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5.6 Trauma Resuscitation .............................................................................................................................. 141
6 Endocrinology Exam Notes............................................................................................................................... 144
6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 144
6.2 Diabetes Mellitus ...................................................................................................................................... 146
6.3 Diabetes Pharmacology: Oral Agents & Non-Insulin Injectables for Diabetes ......................................... 150
6.4 Insulin Dosing .......................................................................................................................................... 153
6.5 Thyroid ..................................................................................................................................................... 155
6.6 Pituitary Disorders .................................................................................................................................... 163
6.7 Adrenal Disorders .................................................................................................................................... 168
6.8 Disorders of Calcium Metabolism............................................................................................................. 174
6.9 Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Disease ............................................................................................. 177
7 ENT Exam Notes .............................................................................................................................................. 178
7.1 Primary Care Otolaryngology ................................................................................................................... 178
7.2 Ophthalmology ......................................................................................................................................... 191
7.3 Common Dental and Oral Mucosal Disorders .......................................................................................... 197
7.4 Oral Cancer and Precancerous Lesions .................................................................................................. 199
8 Gastroenterology Exam Notes .......................................................................................................................... 200
8.1 Approach to the Patient with Gastrointestinal Disease............................................................................. 200
8.2 Diagnostic Methods.................................................................................................................................. 201
8.3 Miscellaneous GI Complaints and Anorectal Disorders ........................................................................... 206
8.4 Colon Cancer ........................................................................................................................................... 209
8.5 GI Bleed ................................................................................................................................................... 211
8.6 Liver Disease ........................................................................................................................................... 213
8.7 Esophageal Disease ................................................................................................................................ 217
8.8 Pancreatic Disease .................................................................................................................................. 221
8.9 Biliary Diseases ....................................................................................................................................... 224
8.10 Infectious Diarrhea ................................................................................................................................... 227
8.11 Inflammatory Bowel Disease .................................................................................................................... 230
8.12 Irritable Bowel Syndrome ......................................................................................................................... 233
8.13 Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastric Cancer ................................................................................................ 234
9 Gynecology Exam Notes .................................................................................................................................. 237
9.1 Gynecologic Anatomy .............................................................................................................................. 237
9.2 Gynecologic Physiology ........................................................................................................................... 238
9.3 Hormone Studies ..................................................................................................................................... 240
9.4 Gyn Procedures ....................................................................................................................................... 243
9.5 Abnormal Uterine Bleeding, Amenorrhea, and Dysmenorrhea ................................................................ 246
9.6 Sexually Transmitted Infections ............................................................................................................... 248
9.7 Vulvar and Vaginal Disorders ................................................................................................................... 255
9.8 Cervical Disorders .................................................................................................................................... 257
9.9 Gynecologic Pain Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction .............................................................................. 259
9.10 Female Breast Disorders ......................................................................................................................... 261
9.11 Female Breast Cancer ............................................................................................................................. 265
9.12 Contraception ........................................................................................................................................... 267
9.13 Hormone Therapy .................................................................................................................................... 271
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9.14 Menopause .............................................................................................................................................. 274
9.15 Uterine Disorders ..................................................................................................................................... 276
9.16 Urinary Incontinence ................................................................................................................................ 278
9.17 Induced Abortion and Management of Early Pregnancy Loss ................................................................. 280
9.18 Ovarian Disorders .................................................................................................................................... 282
10 Hematology Exam Notes .................................................................................................................................. 285
10.1 Red Cell Disorders & Neutropenia ........................................................................................................... 285
10.2 Hematologic Malignancies ....................................................................................................................... 294
10.3 Hemostasis: Platelets & Coagulation ...................................................................................................... 300
10.4 Transfusion Medicine ............................................................................................................................... 307
11 Infectious Disease Unit Exam Notes ................................................................................................................. 309
11.1 Pathogens By Site of Infection ................................................................................................................. 309
11.2 Antibiotics................................................................................................................................................. 309
11.3 Introduction: Principles of Infectious Disease ........................................................................................... 315
11.4 Prevention of Disease .............................................................................................................................. 328
12 Men’s Health Exam Notes ................................................................................................................................ 330
12.1 Male Genitourinary Anatomy .................................................................................................................... 330
12.2 H&P of Male Genitalia, Hernias, Lymphatics, Anus, Rectum, and Prostate ............................................. 332
12.3 Miscellaneous Male Diagnostic Methods ................................................................................................. 334
12.4 Topics In Men’s Health............................................................................................................................. 334
12.5 Orchitis, Benign Scrotal Disease, and STIs ............................................................................................. 339
12.6 Male Cancers ........................................................................................................................................... 342
13 Microbiology Exam Notes ................................................................................................................................. 345
13.1 Background & Classification .................................................................................................................... 345
13.2 Viruses ..................................................................................................................................................... 345
13.3 Bacteria .................................................................................................................................................... 347
13.4 Fungi: yeasts & molds .............................................................................................................................. 348
13.5 Parasites: protozoa & helminths .............................................................................................................. 349
13.6 Respiratory Pathogens............................................................................................................................. 350
13.7 Pathogens of Skin, Mucous Membranes, and Bone ................................................................................ 356
13.8 Corynebacterium ...................................................................................................................................... 358
13.9 Gastrointestinal Pathogens ...................................................................................................................... 362
13.10 Genitourinary Pathogens ................................................................................................................. 367
13.11 Pathogens of Sterile Sites ............................................................................................................... 370
13.12 Listeria monocytogenes .................................................................................................................. 372
13.13 Systemic Febrile Syndromes ........................................................................................................... 373
14 Nephrology Exam Notes ................................................................................................................................... 377
14.1 Nephrology Tidbits ................................................................................................................................... 377
14.2 iagnostic Methods: Renal Chemistries, UA, Urine Cultures ..................................................................... 378
14.3 Diagnostic Methods: Urinary Tract Imaging ............................................................................................. 381
14.4 Kidney Physiology .................................................................................................................................... 382
14.5 Salt and Water ......................................................................................................................................... 387
14.6 Nephrolithiasis ......................................................................................................................................... 392
14.7 Acute Renal Failure.................................................................................................................................. 395
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Table of Contents
1 Cardiology I Exam Notes ...................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Cardiology Terms & Introduction .................................................................................................................. 8
1.2 Pharmacology: Lipid Lowering Drugs........................................................................................................... 8
1.3 Clinical Medicine: Lipids ............................................................................................................................. 10
1.4 Pharmacology: Antihypertensives .............................................................................................................. 13
1.5 Clinical Medicine: Hypertension ................................................................................................................. 16
1.6 Pharmacology: Ischemic Heart Disease .................................................................................................... 18
1.7 Clinical Medicine: Ischemic Heart Disease ................................................................................................ 19
1.8 Pharmacology & Clinical Medicine: Heart Failure ...................................................................................... 24
1.9 Pharmacology & Clinical Medicine: Arrhythmias ........................................................................................ 30
1.10 Clinical Medicine: Cardiovascular Disease Prevention .............................................................................. 31
2 Cardiology II Exam Notes ................................................................................................................................... 32
2.1 Valvular Heart Disease, Infective Endocarditis, and Rheumatic Fever ...................................................... 32
2.2 Vascular Disease ....................................................................................................................................... 37
2.3 Myocardial and Pericardial Disease ........................................................................................................... 41
2.4 Arrhythmias ................................................................................................................................................ 44
3 Dermatology Exam Notes ................................................................................................................................... 46
3.1 Introduction to Dermatology ....................................................................................................................... 46
3.2 Common Bacterial Skin Infections ............................................................................................................. 49
3.3 Fungal and Viral Infections of the Skin ....................................................................................................... 53
3.4 Contact Dermatitis...................................................................................................................................... 56
3.5 Common Inflammatory Dermatoses........................................................................................................... 58
3.6 Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Diseases ...................................................................................... 61
3.7 Acne ........................................................................................................................................................... 65
3.8 Warts.......................................................................................................................................................... 68
3.9 Hair and Nails ............................................................................................................................................ 69
3.10 Human Ectoparasites ................................................................................................................................. 72
4 Emergency Medicine Exam Notes ...................................................................................................................... 75
4.1 Chest Pain Presentations & Cardiac Emergencies .................................................................................... 75
4.2 Infectious Disease Emergencies ................................................................................................................ 81
4.3 Respiratory Emergencies & Airway Management ...................................................................................... 90
4.4 Genitourinary Emergencies ........................................................................................................................ 95
4.5 Acute Abdomen ....................................................................................................................................... 100
4.6 GI Bleed ................................................................................................................................................... 103
4.7 Ocular Emergencies................................................................................................................................. 107
4.8 Introduction to Point of Care Ultrasound .................................................................................................. 112
5 Emergency Medicine Exam II Notes ................................................................................................................. 115
5.1 Burns........................................................................................................................................................ 115
5.2 Neurological Emergencies & Head and Spine Trauma ............................................................................ 119
5.3 Pediatric Emergencies ............................................................................................................................. 131
5.4 Shock ....................................................................................................................................................... 135
5.5 Orthopedic Emergencies .......................................................................................................................... 138
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5.6 Trauma Resuscitation .............................................................................................................................. 141
6 Endocrinology Exam Notes............................................................................................................................... 144
6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 144
6.2 Diabetes Mellitus ...................................................................................................................................... 146
6.3 Diabetes Pharmacology: Oral Agents & Non-Insulin Injectables for Diabetes ......................................... 150
6.4 Insulin Dosing .......................................................................................................................................... 153
6.5 Thyroid ..................................................................................................................................................... 155
6.6 Pituitary Disorders .................................................................................................................................... 163
6.7 Adrenal Disorders .................................................................................................................................... 168
6.8 Disorders of Calcium Metabolism............................................................................................................. 174
6.9 Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Disease ............................................................................................. 177
7 ENT Exam Notes .............................................................................................................................................. 178
7.1 Primary Care Otolaryngology ................................................................................................................... 178
7.2 Ophthalmology ......................................................................................................................................... 191
7.3 Common Dental and Oral Mucosal Disorders .......................................................................................... 197
7.4 Oral Cancer and Precancerous Lesions .................................................................................................. 199
8 Gastroenterology Exam Notes .......................................................................................................................... 200
8.1 Approach to the Patient with Gastrointestinal Disease............................................................................. 200
8.2 Diagnostic Methods.................................................................................................................................. 201
8.3 Miscellaneous GI Complaints and Anorectal Disorders ........................................................................... 206
8.4 Colon Cancer ........................................................................................................................................... 209
8.5 GI Bleed ................................................................................................................................................... 211
8.6 Liver Disease ........................................................................................................................................... 213
8.7 Esophageal Disease ................................................................................................................................ 217
8.8 Pancreatic Disease .................................................................................................................................. 221
8.9 Biliary Diseases ....................................................................................................................................... 224
8.10 Infectious Diarrhea ................................................................................................................................... 227
8.11 Inflammatory Bowel Disease .................................................................................................................... 230
8.12 Irritable Bowel Syndrome ......................................................................................................................... 233
8.13 Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastric Cancer ................................................................................................ 234
9 Gynecology Exam Notes .................................................................................................................................. 237
9.1 Gynecologic Anatomy .............................................................................................................................. 237
9.2 Gynecologic Physiology ........................................................................................................................... 238
9.3 Hormone Studies ..................................................................................................................................... 240
9.4 Gyn Procedures ....................................................................................................................................... 243
9.5 Abnormal Uterine Bleeding, Amenorrhea, and Dysmenorrhea ................................................................ 246
9.6 Sexually Transmitted Infections ............................................................................................................... 248
9.7 Vulvar and Vaginal Disorders ................................................................................................................... 255
9.8 Cervical Disorders .................................................................................................................................... 257
9.9 Gynecologic Pain Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction .............................................................................. 259
9.10 Female Breast Disorders ......................................................................................................................... 261
9.11 Female Breast Cancer ............................................................................................................................. 265
9.12 Contraception ........................................................................................................................................... 267
9.13 Hormone Therapy .................................................................................................................................... 271
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9.14 Menopause .............................................................................................................................................. 274
9.15 Uterine Disorders ..................................................................................................................................... 276
9.16 Urinary Incontinence ................................................................................................................................ 278
9.17 Induced Abortion and Management of Early Pregnancy Loss ................................................................. 280
9.18 Ovarian Disorders .................................................................................................................................... 282
10 Hematology Exam Notes .................................................................................................................................. 285
10.1 Red Cell Disorders & Neutropenia ........................................................................................................... 285
10.2 Hematologic Malignancies ....................................................................................................................... 294
10.3 Hemostasis: Platelets & Coagulation ...................................................................................................... 300
10.4 Transfusion Medicine ............................................................................................................................... 307
11 Infectious Disease Unit Exam Notes ................................................................................................................. 309
11.1 Pathogens By Site of Infection ................................................................................................................. 309
11.2 Antibiotics................................................................................................................................................. 309
11.3 Introduction: Principles of Infectious Disease ........................................................................................... 315
11.4 Prevention of Disease .............................................................................................................................. 328
12 Men’s Health Exam Notes ................................................................................................................................ 330
12.1 Male Genitourinary Anatomy .................................................................................................................... 330
12.2 H&P of Male Genitalia, Hernias, Lymphatics, Anus, Rectum, and Prostate ............................................. 332
12.3 Miscellaneous Male Diagnostic Methods ................................................................................................. 334
12.4 Topics In Men’s Health............................................................................................................................. 334
12.5 Orchitis, Benign Scrotal Disease, and STIs ............................................................................................. 339
12.6 Male Cancers ........................................................................................................................................... 342
13 Microbiology Exam Notes ................................................................................................................................. 345
13.1 Background & Classification .................................................................................................................... 345
13.2 Viruses ..................................................................................................................................................... 345
13.3 Bacteria .................................................................................................................................................... 347
13.4 Fungi: yeasts & molds .............................................................................................................................. 348
13.5 Parasites: protozoa & helminths .............................................................................................................. 349
13.6 Respiratory Pathogens............................................................................................................................. 350
13.7 Pathogens of Skin, Mucous Membranes, and Bone ................................................................................ 356
13.8 Corynebacterium ...................................................................................................................................... 358
13.9 Gastrointestinal Pathogens ...................................................................................................................... 362
13.10 Genitourinary Pathogens ................................................................................................................. 367
13.11 Pathogens of Sterile Sites ............................................................................................................... 370
13.12 Listeria monocytogenes .................................................................................................................. 372
13.13 Systemic Febrile Syndromes ........................................................................................................... 373
14 Nephrology Exam Notes ................................................................................................................................... 377
14.1 Nephrology Tidbits ................................................................................................................................... 377
14.2 iagnostic Methods: Renal Chemistries, UA, Urine Cultures ..................................................................... 378
14.3 Diagnostic Methods: Urinary Tract Imaging ............................................................................................. 381
14.4 Kidney Physiology .................................................................................................................................... 382
14.5 Salt and Water ......................................................................................................................................... 387
14.6 Nephrolithiasis ......................................................................................................................................... 392
14.7 Acute Renal Failure.................................................................................................................................. 395
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