HSCI 580 EXAM 1 (LATEST UPDATE) REAL QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS |100% CORRECT | ALREADY GRADED
A
back injuries Ans✓✓✓80% of Americans will suffer from low back pain
sometime during their lifetime; lost time from work has increased
significantly over the past 30 years; estimated cost is $16 billion
annually
Why have MSD disorders increased since the mid-1980's? Ans✓✓✓1.
aging work population
2. greater percentage of females working than before
3. changing economic base
4. increase in citation by OSHA
5. courts decision that work-related musculoskeletal disorders are
compensable
cost evaluation Ans✓✓✓the economic costs of poor ergonomic design
and losses due to injuries and illnesses
direct costs Ans✓✓✓costs that are incurred because of an accident and
ascribed to it
indirect costs Ans✓✓✓often hidden but can be very expensive
,cost benefit analysis Ans✓✓✓standardizes the costs and benefits
accrued during a period
cost effectiveness analysis Ans✓✓✓compare effectiveness of alternative
interventions in terms of their contribution to a common goal
average cost effectiveness ratio (ACER) Ans✓✓✓shows how affordable
an intervention is, if ACER <0, then intervention is cost saving
marginal cost effectiveness ratio (MCER) Ans✓✓✓change in costs from
each additional unit of intervention
incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) Ans✓✓✓comparison
between two alternative and mutually exclusive interventions
cost utility analysis Ans✓✓✓benefits are expressed in utility preferences
(QALYs and DALYs); can be expressed as a dollar value per QALY or
DALY saved; attempts to capture timing and duration of injuries,
illnesses, and disabilities
steps of an economic analysis Ans✓✓✓1. define the problem
2. define the options
3. define the audience
4. define perspective
5. define time frame and analytic horizon
, 6. define discount rate, inflation adjustment, and timing
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Ans✓✓✓formed in 1970 and charged with enforcing health and safety
regulations; no ergonomics standard; primary goal is the reduction of
injuries and illnesses in the workplace
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Ans✓✓✓housed in the Department of Health and Human services, to
develop health and safety knowledge
bone composition Ans✓✓✓solid components include collagen (40% by
weight) and calcium hydroxyappatite (60% by weight); 99% of calcium
stored in bone
compact bone Ans✓✓✓dense with a low porosity; found as a principle
component of the shafts of long and short bones; orientation of collagen
fibers in shaft varies
cancellous bone Ans✓✓✓comprised of plates, tubes, and rids; provides
structural support without increasing weight of skeleton; helps cushion a
joint when found beneath articular cartilage; spaces between plates are
where blood cells are formed or fat stored
hyaline cartilage Ans✓✓✓firm, with some elasticity
VERIFIED ANSWERS |100% CORRECT | ALREADY GRADED
A
back injuries Ans✓✓✓80% of Americans will suffer from low back pain
sometime during their lifetime; lost time from work has increased
significantly over the past 30 years; estimated cost is $16 billion
annually
Why have MSD disorders increased since the mid-1980's? Ans✓✓✓1.
aging work population
2. greater percentage of females working than before
3. changing economic base
4. increase in citation by OSHA
5. courts decision that work-related musculoskeletal disorders are
compensable
cost evaluation Ans✓✓✓the economic costs of poor ergonomic design
and losses due to injuries and illnesses
direct costs Ans✓✓✓costs that are incurred because of an accident and
ascribed to it
indirect costs Ans✓✓✓often hidden but can be very expensive
,cost benefit analysis Ans✓✓✓standardizes the costs and benefits
accrued during a period
cost effectiveness analysis Ans✓✓✓compare effectiveness of alternative
interventions in terms of their contribution to a common goal
average cost effectiveness ratio (ACER) Ans✓✓✓shows how affordable
an intervention is, if ACER <0, then intervention is cost saving
marginal cost effectiveness ratio (MCER) Ans✓✓✓change in costs from
each additional unit of intervention
incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) Ans✓✓✓comparison
between two alternative and mutually exclusive interventions
cost utility analysis Ans✓✓✓benefits are expressed in utility preferences
(QALYs and DALYs); can be expressed as a dollar value per QALY or
DALY saved; attempts to capture timing and duration of injuries,
illnesses, and disabilities
steps of an economic analysis Ans✓✓✓1. define the problem
2. define the options
3. define the audience
4. define perspective
5. define time frame and analytic horizon
, 6. define discount rate, inflation adjustment, and timing
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Ans✓✓✓formed in 1970 and charged with enforcing health and safety
regulations; no ergonomics standard; primary goal is the reduction of
injuries and illnesses in the workplace
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Ans✓✓✓housed in the Department of Health and Human services, to
develop health and safety knowledge
bone composition Ans✓✓✓solid components include collagen (40% by
weight) and calcium hydroxyappatite (60% by weight); 99% of calcium
stored in bone
compact bone Ans✓✓✓dense with a low porosity; found as a principle
component of the shafts of long and short bones; orientation of collagen
fibers in shaft varies
cancellous bone Ans✓✓✓comprised of plates, tubes, and rids; provides
structural support without increasing weight of skeleton; helps cushion a
joint when found beneath articular cartilage; spaces between plates are
where blood cells are formed or fat stored
hyaline cartilage Ans✓✓✓firm, with some elasticity
