OCC Psychology Exam 2
Imagery encoding - CORRECT ANSWER-refers to the process by which we
remember visual images. For example, if you are presented a list of words, each
shown for one second, you would be able to remember if there was a word that
was written in all capital letters, or if there was a word written in italics.
Chunking - CORRECT ANSWER-group together (connected items or words) so
that they can be stored or processed as single concepts.
Context effects - CORRECT ANSWER-an aspect of cognitive psychology that
describes the influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a
stimulus. The impact of context effects is considered to be part of top-down
design.
State dependent memory - CORRECT ANSWER-the phenomenon through which
memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of
consciousness as they were when the memory was formed
Mood congruent memory - CORRECT ANSWER-where current mood helps recall
of mood-congruent material, regardless of our mood at the time the material was
stored.
Misinformation effect - CORRECT ANSWER-a memory bias that occurs when
misinformation affects people's reports of their own memory. In one oft-cited
study led by Elizabeth Loftus, people watched footage of a car accident.
Accuracy of eyewitnesses memories - CORRECT ANSWER-is not accurate and
reliable as the retrieving accurate memory of events always argue how the factor
affect the accuracy of recall and reliability in the eyewitness cases.
Own race bias - CORRECT ANSWER-is the tendency to recognize and
differentiate between faces of our own race more easily than faces of another
race
Functional fixedness - CORRECT ANSWER-The tendency to think of an object
only in terms of its typical use
Heuristic - CORRECT ANSWER-A thinking strategy that may lead us to a solution
to a problem or decision but unlike algorithms may sometimes lead to error
Representativeness heuristic - CORRECT ANSWER-is used when making
judgments about the probability of an event under uncertainty. It is one of a
, group of heuristics (simple rules governing judgment or decision-making)
proposed by psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in the early
1970s.
Availability heuristic - CORRECT ANSWER-is a mental shortcut that relies on
immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a
specific topic, concept, method or decision.
Framing effect - CORRECT ANSWER-people react to a particular choice in
different ways depending on how it is presented; e.g. as a loss or as a gain.
FMRI - CORRECT ANSWER-is a technique for measuring brain activity. It works
by detecting the changes in blood oxygenation and flow that occur in response to
neural activity - when a brain area is more active it consumes more oxygen and to
meet this increased demand blood flow increases to the active area
Babbling Stage - CORRECT ANSWER-a stage in child development and a state in
language acquisition, during which an infant appears to be experimenting with
uttering articulate sounds, but not yet producing any recognizable words.
One word Stage - CORRECT ANSWER-the stage in which children speak mainly
in single words
Short term memory - CORRECT ANSWER-Can store only 7+/-2 chunks of
information
Quickly lost
Long term memory - CORRECT ANSWER-Can store billions of information
Lasts for a very long time
Automatic processing - CORRECT ANSWER-the carrying out of a cognitive task
with minimal resources. Typically, occurs without intention, interferes minimally
with other cognitive tasks, and may not involve conscious awareness.
Effortful processing - CORRECT ANSWER-implies; learning or storing (encoding)
that requires attention and effort
Spacing effect - CORRECT ANSWER-is the phenomenon whereby animals
(including humans) more easily remember or learn items when they are studied a
few times spaced over a long time span ("spaced presentation") rather than
repeatedly studied in a short span of time
Serial Position effect - CORRECT ANSWER-is the tendency of a person to recall
the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst.
Imagery encoding - CORRECT ANSWER-refers to the process by which we
remember visual images. For example, if you are presented a list of words, each
shown for one second, you would be able to remember if there was a word that
was written in all capital letters, or if there was a word written in italics.
Chunking - CORRECT ANSWER-group together (connected items or words) so
that they can be stored or processed as single concepts.
Context effects - CORRECT ANSWER-an aspect of cognitive psychology that
describes the influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a
stimulus. The impact of context effects is considered to be part of top-down
design.
State dependent memory - CORRECT ANSWER-the phenomenon through which
memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of
consciousness as they were when the memory was formed
Mood congruent memory - CORRECT ANSWER-where current mood helps recall
of mood-congruent material, regardless of our mood at the time the material was
stored.
Misinformation effect - CORRECT ANSWER-a memory bias that occurs when
misinformation affects people's reports of their own memory. In one oft-cited
study led by Elizabeth Loftus, people watched footage of a car accident.
Accuracy of eyewitnesses memories - CORRECT ANSWER-is not accurate and
reliable as the retrieving accurate memory of events always argue how the factor
affect the accuracy of recall and reliability in the eyewitness cases.
Own race bias - CORRECT ANSWER-is the tendency to recognize and
differentiate between faces of our own race more easily than faces of another
race
Functional fixedness - CORRECT ANSWER-The tendency to think of an object
only in terms of its typical use
Heuristic - CORRECT ANSWER-A thinking strategy that may lead us to a solution
to a problem or decision but unlike algorithms may sometimes lead to error
Representativeness heuristic - CORRECT ANSWER-is used when making
judgments about the probability of an event under uncertainty. It is one of a
, group of heuristics (simple rules governing judgment or decision-making)
proposed by psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in the early
1970s.
Availability heuristic - CORRECT ANSWER-is a mental shortcut that relies on
immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a
specific topic, concept, method or decision.
Framing effect - CORRECT ANSWER-people react to a particular choice in
different ways depending on how it is presented; e.g. as a loss or as a gain.
FMRI - CORRECT ANSWER-is a technique for measuring brain activity. It works
by detecting the changes in blood oxygenation and flow that occur in response to
neural activity - when a brain area is more active it consumes more oxygen and to
meet this increased demand blood flow increases to the active area
Babbling Stage - CORRECT ANSWER-a stage in child development and a state in
language acquisition, during which an infant appears to be experimenting with
uttering articulate sounds, but not yet producing any recognizable words.
One word Stage - CORRECT ANSWER-the stage in which children speak mainly
in single words
Short term memory - CORRECT ANSWER-Can store only 7+/-2 chunks of
information
Quickly lost
Long term memory - CORRECT ANSWER-Can store billions of information
Lasts for a very long time
Automatic processing - CORRECT ANSWER-the carrying out of a cognitive task
with minimal resources. Typically, occurs without intention, interferes minimally
with other cognitive tasks, and may not involve conscious awareness.
Effortful processing - CORRECT ANSWER-implies; learning or storing (encoding)
that requires attention and effort
Spacing effect - CORRECT ANSWER-is the phenomenon whereby animals
(including humans) more easily remember or learn items when they are studied a
few times spaced over a long time span ("spaced presentation") rather than
repeatedly studied in a short span of time
Serial Position effect - CORRECT ANSWER-is the tendency of a person to recall
the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst.
