MMSC 200 EXAM 3 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS
EVALUATION: CONSOLIDATED SOLVED
QUESTIONS AND FINAL CELLULAR PROFICIENCY
REVIEW 2026
⫸ angioplasty. Answer: surgical repair of a blood vessel (AN-je-o-
plas-te)
⫸ anoxia. Answer: without oxygen (a-NOK-se-a)
⫸ aorta. Answer: largest artery in the body (a-OR-ta)
⫸ aortic stenosis. Answer: narrowing of the aorta (a-OR-tik set-NO-
sis)
⫸ apex of the heart. Answer: lower tip of the heart; bottom of the
heart (A-peks of the hart)
⫸ arrhythmia. Answer: irregular or abnormal heartbeat; literally
without rhythm (a-RITH-me-a)
⫸ arterial anastomosis. Answer: surgical connection between two
arteries (ar-TE-re-al a-nas-to-MO-sis)
,⫸ arteriography. Answer: x-ray recording of arteries; contrast is
injected (ar-te-re-OG-ra-fe)
⫸ arteriole. Answer: small artery (ar-TE-re-ol)
⫸ arteriosclerosis. Answer: hardening of an artery with collection of
fatty plaque (ar-te-re-o-skle-RO-sis)
⫸ artery. Answer: largest type of blood vessel; a blood vessel that
carries blood away from the heart (AR-te-re)
⫸ atherectomy. Answer: removal of plaque (lipids and clots) that
accumulate in the lining of an artery (a-the-REK-to-me)
⫸ atheroma. Answer: mass of fatty plaque that collects in an artery
(ath-er-O-ma)
⫸ atherosclerosis. Answer: fatty plaque deposits in the interior lining
of an artery; a form of arteriosclerosis (ath-er-o-skle-RO-sis)
⫸ atrial. Answer: pertaining to the atrium (upper chamber of the
heart) (A-tre-al)
⫸ atrioventricular bundle. Answer: failure of proper conduction of
impulses from the SA node through the AV node to atrioventricular
bundle (bundle of His) (a-tre-o-ven-TRIK-u-lar BUN-dl)
,⫸ atrioventricular node. Answer: specialized tissue in walls between
the atria; electrical impulses pass from the sino-atrial node
(pacemaker) though the atrioventricular node and atrioventricular
bundle (bundle of His) toward the ventricles
(a-tre-o-ven-TRIK-u-lar nod)
⫸ atrium (atria pl). Answer: one of two upper chambers of the heart
(A-tre-um; A-tre-a)
⫸ brachial artery. Answer: artery that carries blood to the arm (BRA-
ke-al AR-te-re)
⫸ bradycardia. Answer: slow heartbeat (brad-e-KAR-de-a)
⫸ bundle of His. Answer: atrioventricular bundle; a bundle of
modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the
atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing them to contract (BUN-
dl of Hiss)
⫸ capillary. Answer: smallest type of blood vessel (KAP-i-lar-e)
⫸ carbon dioxide. Answer: gas produced in issue cells when oxygen
and food combine; exhaled through the lungs (KAR-bon di-OK-sid)
, ⫸ cardiogenic shock. Answer: circulatory failure due to poor heart
function (kar-de-o-JEN-ik shok)
⫸ cardiomegaly. Answer: enlargement of the heart (kar-de-o-MEG-
a-le)
⫸ cardiomyopathy. Answer: disease of the heart muscle (ear-de-o-
mi-OP-a-the)
⫸ coronary arteries. Answer: branches of the aorta bringing oxygen
right blood to the heart muscle
(KOR-o-nar-e AR-te-rez)
⫸ cyanosis. Answer: abnormal condition of bluish coloration of the
skin (si-a-NO-sis)
⫸ deoxygenated blood. Answer: blood that is oxygen-poor (de-OK-
si-je-NA-ted blud)
⫸ diastole. Answer: Relaxation of the heart; relaxation (di-AS-to-le)
⫸ electrocardiogram. Answer: record of the electrical activity of the
heart (e-lek-tro-KAR-de-o-gram)
⫸ endocardium. Answer: inner lining of the heart (en-do-KAR-de-
um)
EVALUATION: CONSOLIDATED SOLVED
QUESTIONS AND FINAL CELLULAR PROFICIENCY
REVIEW 2026
⫸ angioplasty. Answer: surgical repair of a blood vessel (AN-je-o-
plas-te)
⫸ anoxia. Answer: without oxygen (a-NOK-se-a)
⫸ aorta. Answer: largest artery in the body (a-OR-ta)
⫸ aortic stenosis. Answer: narrowing of the aorta (a-OR-tik set-NO-
sis)
⫸ apex of the heart. Answer: lower tip of the heart; bottom of the
heart (A-peks of the hart)
⫸ arrhythmia. Answer: irregular or abnormal heartbeat; literally
without rhythm (a-RITH-me-a)
⫸ arterial anastomosis. Answer: surgical connection between two
arteries (ar-TE-re-al a-nas-to-MO-sis)
,⫸ arteriography. Answer: x-ray recording of arteries; contrast is
injected (ar-te-re-OG-ra-fe)
⫸ arteriole. Answer: small artery (ar-TE-re-ol)
⫸ arteriosclerosis. Answer: hardening of an artery with collection of
fatty plaque (ar-te-re-o-skle-RO-sis)
⫸ artery. Answer: largest type of blood vessel; a blood vessel that
carries blood away from the heart (AR-te-re)
⫸ atherectomy. Answer: removal of plaque (lipids and clots) that
accumulate in the lining of an artery (a-the-REK-to-me)
⫸ atheroma. Answer: mass of fatty plaque that collects in an artery
(ath-er-O-ma)
⫸ atherosclerosis. Answer: fatty plaque deposits in the interior lining
of an artery; a form of arteriosclerosis (ath-er-o-skle-RO-sis)
⫸ atrial. Answer: pertaining to the atrium (upper chamber of the
heart) (A-tre-al)
⫸ atrioventricular bundle. Answer: failure of proper conduction of
impulses from the SA node through the AV node to atrioventricular
bundle (bundle of His) (a-tre-o-ven-TRIK-u-lar BUN-dl)
,⫸ atrioventricular node. Answer: specialized tissue in walls between
the atria; electrical impulses pass from the sino-atrial node
(pacemaker) though the atrioventricular node and atrioventricular
bundle (bundle of His) toward the ventricles
(a-tre-o-ven-TRIK-u-lar nod)
⫸ atrium (atria pl). Answer: one of two upper chambers of the heart
(A-tre-um; A-tre-a)
⫸ brachial artery. Answer: artery that carries blood to the arm (BRA-
ke-al AR-te-re)
⫸ bradycardia. Answer: slow heartbeat (brad-e-KAR-de-a)
⫸ bundle of His. Answer: atrioventricular bundle; a bundle of
modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the
atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing them to contract (BUN-
dl of Hiss)
⫸ capillary. Answer: smallest type of blood vessel (KAP-i-lar-e)
⫸ carbon dioxide. Answer: gas produced in issue cells when oxygen
and food combine; exhaled through the lungs (KAR-bon di-OK-sid)
, ⫸ cardiogenic shock. Answer: circulatory failure due to poor heart
function (kar-de-o-JEN-ik shok)
⫸ cardiomegaly. Answer: enlargement of the heart (kar-de-o-MEG-
a-le)
⫸ cardiomyopathy. Answer: disease of the heart muscle (ear-de-o-
mi-OP-a-the)
⫸ coronary arteries. Answer: branches of the aorta bringing oxygen
right blood to the heart muscle
(KOR-o-nar-e AR-te-rez)
⫸ cyanosis. Answer: abnormal condition of bluish coloration of the
skin (si-a-NO-sis)
⫸ deoxygenated blood. Answer: blood that is oxygen-poor (de-OK-
si-je-NA-ted blud)
⫸ diastole. Answer: Relaxation of the heart; relaxation (di-AS-to-le)
⫸ electrocardiogram. Answer: record of the electrical activity of the
heart (e-lek-tro-KAR-de-o-gram)
⫸ endocardium. Answer: inner lining of the heart (en-do-KAR-de-
um)
