BIO 251 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔List the cell wall differences of the 6 groups of microorganisms - ✔✔Fungi- *chitin*
Protozoa- *no cell wall*, single celled eukaryotes, membrane surrounding DNA which is
in the nucleus
Algae- *ciliates*, no peptidoglycan, contains a variety of polysaccharides and proteins,
gram + purple, gram - pink
Prokaryotes- no nucleus, unicellular
Bacteria- most contain *peptidoglycan* (NAG & NAM), some lack a cell wall entirely
Virus- *no cell wall*, contains a capsule that carries DNA to send through to infect a cell
✔✔Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms - ✔✔Eukaryotic cells
contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do
not.
(See book)
✔✔List and answer four questions that propelled research in what is called the "Golden
Age of Microbiology." Page 7 in context - ✔✔Is spontaneous generation of microbial life
possible?
What causes fermentation?
What causes disease?
How can we prevent infection and disease?
✔✔Identify the scientists who argued in favor of spontaneous generation -
✔✔*Needham*- micro organisms created from "life force"
Aristotle (created spontaneous generation through water)
JB. Vonhelmont- rats from dirty garments??
✔✔Compare and contrast the investigations of Redi, Needham, Spallazani, and Pasteur
concerning spontaneous generation - ✔✔1. Redi tested the meat and flies and maggots
2. Needham tested that microorganism spontaneous generated
3. Pasteur proved that all organism arises from other living organism (life comes from
life)
4. Spallazani concluded that Needham failed, microorganisms exist in air and can
contaminate experiments, spontaneous generations of microorganisms does not occur
✔✔List the 4 steps of the scientific method - ✔✔1. Make observation to form question
2. Generate hypothesis
3. Conduct experiement
4. Analyse data to draw conclusion
, ✔✔Define the germ theory of disease - ✔✔Many diseases are caused by
microorganisms
-direct contact, fomites, distance
✔✔***List at least 5 contributions made by Pasteur to the field of microbiology - ✔✔1.
Disproves spontaneous generation of microbes with his specially designed flasks
2. Discovered fermentation with anerobic acid production (ex. wine)
*3. Came up with vaccination for rabies and antharax*
4. Pastuers pasteuriztion
5. Founder of medical microbiology
*6. Developed germ theory of disease*
✔✔List at least 5 contributions made by Koch to the field of microbiology - ✔✔1. Simple
staining techniques for bacterial cells and flagella
2. First photomicrograph of bacteria
3. First photomicrograph of bacteria in diseased tissue
4. Techniques for estimating CFU/ml
5. Use of steam to sterilize media
6. Use of solid media and Petri dishes
7. Aseptic techniques
8. Bacteria as distinct disease
✔✔List the 4 steps that must be taken to prove the cause of an infectious disease
(Koch's postulates) - ✔✔1. The suspected causative agent must be found in every case
of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts.
2. The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.
3. When the agent is introduced to a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the
disease.
4. The same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host.
✔✔Describe the 4 major processes of living cells - ✔✔- Growth: increase in size
-Reproduction: increase in number
-Responsiveness: ability to react to environmental stimuli
-Metabolism: controlled chemical reactions of organism
✔✔***Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells - ✔✔Prokaryotic:
-No nucleous, lack internal membrane
- less than 1um (micrometer) and 70s
-two types: bacteria, archaea (lives in extreme conditions)
Eukaryotic:
-Has nucleous, internal membrane bound organelles
- 10 to 100 um (micrometer) and 80s
-more complex
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔List the cell wall differences of the 6 groups of microorganisms - ✔✔Fungi- *chitin*
Protozoa- *no cell wall*, single celled eukaryotes, membrane surrounding DNA which is
in the nucleus
Algae- *ciliates*, no peptidoglycan, contains a variety of polysaccharides and proteins,
gram + purple, gram - pink
Prokaryotes- no nucleus, unicellular
Bacteria- most contain *peptidoglycan* (NAG & NAM), some lack a cell wall entirely
Virus- *no cell wall*, contains a capsule that carries DNA to send through to infect a cell
✔✔Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms - ✔✔Eukaryotic cells
contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do
not.
(See book)
✔✔List and answer four questions that propelled research in what is called the "Golden
Age of Microbiology." Page 7 in context - ✔✔Is spontaneous generation of microbial life
possible?
What causes fermentation?
What causes disease?
How can we prevent infection and disease?
✔✔Identify the scientists who argued in favor of spontaneous generation -
✔✔*Needham*- micro organisms created from "life force"
Aristotle (created spontaneous generation through water)
JB. Vonhelmont- rats from dirty garments??
✔✔Compare and contrast the investigations of Redi, Needham, Spallazani, and Pasteur
concerning spontaneous generation - ✔✔1. Redi tested the meat and flies and maggots
2. Needham tested that microorganism spontaneous generated
3. Pasteur proved that all organism arises from other living organism (life comes from
life)
4. Spallazani concluded that Needham failed, microorganisms exist in air and can
contaminate experiments, spontaneous generations of microorganisms does not occur
✔✔List the 4 steps of the scientific method - ✔✔1. Make observation to form question
2. Generate hypothesis
3. Conduct experiement
4. Analyse data to draw conclusion
, ✔✔Define the germ theory of disease - ✔✔Many diseases are caused by
microorganisms
-direct contact, fomites, distance
✔✔***List at least 5 contributions made by Pasteur to the field of microbiology - ✔✔1.
Disproves spontaneous generation of microbes with his specially designed flasks
2. Discovered fermentation with anerobic acid production (ex. wine)
*3. Came up with vaccination for rabies and antharax*
4. Pastuers pasteuriztion
5. Founder of medical microbiology
*6. Developed germ theory of disease*
✔✔List at least 5 contributions made by Koch to the field of microbiology - ✔✔1. Simple
staining techniques for bacterial cells and flagella
2. First photomicrograph of bacteria
3. First photomicrograph of bacteria in diseased tissue
4. Techniques for estimating CFU/ml
5. Use of steam to sterilize media
6. Use of solid media and Petri dishes
7. Aseptic techniques
8. Bacteria as distinct disease
✔✔List the 4 steps that must be taken to prove the cause of an infectious disease
(Koch's postulates) - ✔✔1. The suspected causative agent must be found in every case
of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts.
2. The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.
3. When the agent is introduced to a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the
disease.
4. The same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host.
✔✔Describe the 4 major processes of living cells - ✔✔- Growth: increase in size
-Reproduction: increase in number
-Responsiveness: ability to react to environmental stimuli
-Metabolism: controlled chemical reactions of organism
✔✔***Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells - ✔✔Prokaryotic:
-No nucleous, lack internal membrane
- less than 1um (micrometer) and 70s
-two types: bacteria, archaea (lives in extreme conditions)
Eukaryotic:
-Has nucleous, internal membrane bound organelles
- 10 to 100 um (micrometer) and 80s
-more complex
