BIO 251 PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GUARANTEE A+
✔✔What is hematopoiesis? - ✔✔Formation of all blood cells from hemopoietic stem
cells.
✔✔What is the difference between antigens and antibodies? - ✔✔Antigens
(agglutinogens) are on RBCs; antibodies (agglutinins) are in plasma.
✔✔What is cross-reaction/agglutination? - ✔✔Antibodies bind incompatible RBC
antigens → clumping and hemolysis.
✔✔What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn? - ✔✔Rh- mother produces anti-Rh
antibodies that attack an Rh+ fetus.
✔✔What occurs during the vascular phase? - ✔✔Vessel spasm reduces blood loss.
✔✔Steps of the platelet phase? - ✔✔Adhesion → release reaction → aggregation.
✔✔Intrinsic vs extrinsic pathways? - ✔✔Intrinsic = inside blood; extrinsic = triggered by
damaged tissues.
✔✔What is clot retraction? - ✔✔Platelets contract and pull wound edges together.
✔✔Systemic vs pulmonary circulation? - ✔✔Systemic = body tissues; pulmonary =
lungs for gas exchange.
✔✔What is the mediastinum? - ✔✔Central thoracic cavity where the heart sits.
✔✔What is the pericardium? - ✔✔Fibrous + serous membranes surrounding and
protecting the heart.
✔✔What are the layers of the heart wall? - ✔✔Epicardium, myocardium (muscle),
endocardium
✔✔What is the cardiac skeleton? - ✔✔Fibrous connective framework supporting valves
and electrical insulation.
✔✔Path of blood through the heart? - ✔✔RA → RV → pulmonary arteries → lungs →
pulmonary veins → LA → LV → aorta → body.
✔✔What makes cardiac muscle unique? - ✔✔Single nucleus, branching cells,
intercalated discs, abundant mitochondria.
GUARANTEE A+
✔✔What is hematopoiesis? - ✔✔Formation of all blood cells from hemopoietic stem
cells.
✔✔What is the difference between antigens and antibodies? - ✔✔Antigens
(agglutinogens) are on RBCs; antibodies (agglutinins) are in plasma.
✔✔What is cross-reaction/agglutination? - ✔✔Antibodies bind incompatible RBC
antigens → clumping and hemolysis.
✔✔What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn? - ✔✔Rh- mother produces anti-Rh
antibodies that attack an Rh+ fetus.
✔✔What occurs during the vascular phase? - ✔✔Vessel spasm reduces blood loss.
✔✔Steps of the platelet phase? - ✔✔Adhesion → release reaction → aggregation.
✔✔Intrinsic vs extrinsic pathways? - ✔✔Intrinsic = inside blood; extrinsic = triggered by
damaged tissues.
✔✔What is clot retraction? - ✔✔Platelets contract and pull wound edges together.
✔✔Systemic vs pulmonary circulation? - ✔✔Systemic = body tissues; pulmonary =
lungs for gas exchange.
✔✔What is the mediastinum? - ✔✔Central thoracic cavity where the heart sits.
✔✔What is the pericardium? - ✔✔Fibrous + serous membranes surrounding and
protecting the heart.
✔✔What are the layers of the heart wall? - ✔✔Epicardium, myocardium (muscle),
endocardium
✔✔What is the cardiac skeleton? - ✔✔Fibrous connective framework supporting valves
and electrical insulation.
✔✔Path of blood through the heart? - ✔✔RA → RV → pulmonary arteries → lungs →
pulmonary veins → LA → LV → aorta → body.
✔✔What makes cardiac muscle unique? - ✔✔Single nucleus, branching cells,
intercalated discs, abundant mitochondria.
