NR667 CEA EXAM / ACTUAL NR667 CEA WEEK 1-6 COMPREHENSIVE
REVIEW BEFORE CHICAGO AND A NEW UPDATED STUDY GUIDE
2026 ACCURATE EXAM REAL QUESTIONS WITH WELL
ELABORATED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (100% CORRECT
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS) CURRENTLY UPDATED VERSIONS
|GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Type 2 Diabetes
Answer- Pathology: Peripheral insulin resistance + decreased secretion
over time; most are asymptomatic — diagnosed via labs; associated
with: Obesity, metabolic syndrome.
Metabolic Syndrome
Answer- Must meet 3 of the 5 criteria: Waist circumference: 40 in
(men), 35 in (women); Blood pressure: >130/80 mmHg; Triglycerides:
>150 mg/ld.; HDL: <40 mg/ld. (men), <50 mg/ld. (women); Fasting
glucose: >100 mg/ld.; increases risk for Type 2 diabetes and
cardiovascular disease.
DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis)
Answer- Cause: Insulin deficiency (common in Type 1); key signs:
Fruity breath, polyuria, polydipsia, N/V, abdominal pain, Kussmaul
breathing; treatment: IV fluids first, then IV insulin; potassium
correction; identify and treat underlying cause.
,HHS (Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State)
Answer- Seen in Type 2 DM, elderly, not insulin dependent; very high
glucose (600-1200 mg/ld.); hyper osmolality, profound dehydration;
little/no ketones or acidosis; often presents with neurologic symptoms;
treatment: IV fluids, insulin, electrolytes.
Preventative Care for Diabetes Patients
Answer- Annual dilated eye exam, annual foot exam (podiatry), dental
exam; vaccines: Pneumococcal, Influenza, Tap, Hepatitis B, Zoster; BP
goal: <130/80 mmHg; exercise: ≥150 minutes/week.
Iguanids
Answer- e.g. Metformin; ↓ Gluconeogenesis, ↓ GI glucose absorption;
improves insulin sensitivity; first-line for T2DM; SE: GI upset (nausea,
diarrhea).
Sulfonylureas
Answer- e.g. glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride; stimulate β-cell insulin
secretion; can be used with metformin; SE: Hypoglycemia, weight gain,
rash.
,Thiazolidinedione’s (TZDs)
Answer- e.g. pioglitazone, rosiglitazone; ↑ Insulin sensitivity in muscle,
liver, fat; ↓ Glucagon production; SE: Fluid retention, weight gain,
fracture risk.
Meglitinides
Answer- e.g. repaginate, nateglinide; stimulate insulin secretion (rapid-
acting); very short half-life; SE: Hypoglycemia, weight gain.
Bile Acid Sequestrates
Answer- e.g. colesevelam; modestly lowers LDL and A1C; take with
meals; SE: Bloating, constipation, GI upset.
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
Answer- e.g. agarose, miglitol; delay carbohydrate absorption; SE: Gas,
diarrhea, no hypoglycemia.
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Answer- e.g. liraglutide, eventide; ↑ Insulin, ↓ glucagon, delayed gastric
emptying; A1C ↓ 1-1.5%, weight loss; avoid in thyroid cancer history;
SE: N/V, diarrhea, decreased appetite.
, SGLT2 Inhibitors
Answer- e.g. canagliflozin, empagliflozin; ↑ Glucose excretion via
kidneys; ↓ A1C + CV benefit; avoid in patients with frequent UTIs; SE:
Genital infections, weight loss, polyuria.
DPP-4 Inhibitors
Answer- e.g. sit gliptin, Lina gliptin; enhance GLP-1, increase insulin
release; not for initial monotherapy; SE: Severe joint pain (FDA
warning).
Amylin Analog
Answer- e.g. pramlintide; SQ injection (with insulin); ↓ Glucagon, slows
gastric emptying; SE: N/V, weight loss; use with insulin ↑ hypoglycemia
risk.
Insulin Types: Onset, Peak, Duration
Answer- Rapid-acting (Lisper, Apart, Glulisine): 15-30 min onset, 1-3
hrs. peak, 4-6 hrs. duration; Short-acting (Regular insulin): 30 min onset,
1.5-3.5 hrs. peak, 8 hrs. duration; Intermediate-acting (NPH): 4-6 hrs.
onset, 4-6 hrs. peak, 12 hrs. duration; Long-acting (Glargine, Deter): U-
REVIEW BEFORE CHICAGO AND A NEW UPDATED STUDY GUIDE
2026 ACCURATE EXAM REAL QUESTIONS WITH WELL
ELABORATED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (100% CORRECT
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS) CURRENTLY UPDATED VERSIONS
|GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Type 2 Diabetes
Answer- Pathology: Peripheral insulin resistance + decreased secretion
over time; most are asymptomatic — diagnosed via labs; associated
with: Obesity, metabolic syndrome.
Metabolic Syndrome
Answer- Must meet 3 of the 5 criteria: Waist circumference: 40 in
(men), 35 in (women); Blood pressure: >130/80 mmHg; Triglycerides:
>150 mg/ld.; HDL: <40 mg/ld. (men), <50 mg/ld. (women); Fasting
glucose: >100 mg/ld.; increases risk for Type 2 diabetes and
cardiovascular disease.
DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis)
Answer- Cause: Insulin deficiency (common in Type 1); key signs:
Fruity breath, polyuria, polydipsia, N/V, abdominal pain, Kussmaul
breathing; treatment: IV fluids first, then IV insulin; potassium
correction; identify and treat underlying cause.
,HHS (Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State)
Answer- Seen in Type 2 DM, elderly, not insulin dependent; very high
glucose (600-1200 mg/ld.); hyper osmolality, profound dehydration;
little/no ketones or acidosis; often presents with neurologic symptoms;
treatment: IV fluids, insulin, electrolytes.
Preventative Care for Diabetes Patients
Answer- Annual dilated eye exam, annual foot exam (podiatry), dental
exam; vaccines: Pneumococcal, Influenza, Tap, Hepatitis B, Zoster; BP
goal: <130/80 mmHg; exercise: ≥150 minutes/week.
Iguanids
Answer- e.g. Metformin; ↓ Gluconeogenesis, ↓ GI glucose absorption;
improves insulin sensitivity; first-line for T2DM; SE: GI upset (nausea,
diarrhea).
Sulfonylureas
Answer- e.g. glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride; stimulate β-cell insulin
secretion; can be used with metformin; SE: Hypoglycemia, weight gain,
rash.
,Thiazolidinedione’s (TZDs)
Answer- e.g. pioglitazone, rosiglitazone; ↑ Insulin sensitivity in muscle,
liver, fat; ↓ Glucagon production; SE: Fluid retention, weight gain,
fracture risk.
Meglitinides
Answer- e.g. repaginate, nateglinide; stimulate insulin secretion (rapid-
acting); very short half-life; SE: Hypoglycemia, weight gain.
Bile Acid Sequestrates
Answer- e.g. colesevelam; modestly lowers LDL and A1C; take with
meals; SE: Bloating, constipation, GI upset.
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
Answer- e.g. agarose, miglitol; delay carbohydrate absorption; SE: Gas,
diarrhea, no hypoglycemia.
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Answer- e.g. liraglutide, eventide; ↑ Insulin, ↓ glucagon, delayed gastric
emptying; A1C ↓ 1-1.5%, weight loss; avoid in thyroid cancer history;
SE: N/V, diarrhea, decreased appetite.
, SGLT2 Inhibitors
Answer- e.g. canagliflozin, empagliflozin; ↑ Glucose excretion via
kidneys; ↓ A1C + CV benefit; avoid in patients with frequent UTIs; SE:
Genital infections, weight loss, polyuria.
DPP-4 Inhibitors
Answer- e.g. sit gliptin, Lina gliptin; enhance GLP-1, increase insulin
release; not for initial monotherapy; SE: Severe joint pain (FDA
warning).
Amylin Analog
Answer- e.g. pramlintide; SQ injection (with insulin); ↓ Glucagon, slows
gastric emptying; SE: N/V, weight loss; use with insulin ↑ hypoglycemia
risk.
Insulin Types: Onset, Peak, Duration
Answer- Rapid-acting (Lisper, Apart, Glulisine): 15-30 min onset, 1-3
hrs. peak, 4-6 hrs. duration; Short-acting (Regular insulin): 30 min onset,
1.5-3.5 hrs. peak, 8 hrs. duration; Intermediate-acting (NPH): 4-6 hrs.
onset, 4-6 hrs. peak, 12 hrs. duration; Long-acting (Glargine, Deter): U-
