ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Diastolic blow - ✔✔The classic regurg murmur
✔✔Hemoptysis - ✔✔Bloody sputum
✔✔Ms murmur - ✔✔Diastolic rumble
✔✔Subvalvular - ✔✔Aka infundibular. Below any valve
✔✔Rheumatic fever - ✔✔Is a complication of strep throat infection. May result in scar
tissue forming on AOV.
✔✔endocarditis - ✔✔Infection of hearts inner lining usually involves heart valves
✔✔Sterilization - ✔✔Is the elimination of all transmissible agents such a viruses and
bacteria
✔✔Disinfection - ✔✔Only removes the organism that can cause disease and removed
by disinfectant
✔✔Pathogens or infectious agents - ✔✔Are biological agents that cause disease or
illness to its host
✔✔Autoclave - ✔✔Heat sterilization/ 121c or 250f
✔✔Chemical sterilization - ✔✔Used for fiber optics, electrics and plastics
✔✔Ethylene oxide - ✔✔Used for objects that cannot survive over 60c
✔✔Low frequency - ✔✔Better penetration
✔✔High frequency - ✔✔Better resolution
✔✔Fundamental imaging - ✔✔Transmit and receive at the same time
✔✔Harmonic imaging - ✔✔Transmit at one frequency and receive at the second
harmonic....twice the transmit freq
✔✔Angiography - ✔✔Contrast medium inj. While cineangiography film records results
✔✔Oximetry - ✔✔Measures O2 saturation
, ✔✔Oxygenated blood - ✔✔Starts in the pulmonary veins and continues at the end of
the systemic arteries. 95% saturated
✔✔Deoxygenated blood - ✔✔Starts in the systemic veins and continues to the
pulmonary arteries
✔✔Systemic ciirculation - ✔✔Carries o2 blood from the heart to the body and returns
deoxygenated blood to the heart
✔✔Pulmonary circulation - ✔✔Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the
lungs and returns o2 blood back to the heart
✔✔Arteries - ✔✔Are elastic and thick walled. They expand during systole and recoil
during diastole
✔✔Veins - ✔✔Thin walled, collapsable
✔✔P wave - ✔✔Is depolarization of atria
✔✔QRS - ✔✔depolarization of ventricles
✔✔T wave - ✔✔Repolarization of ventricles
✔✔S1 heart sound - ✔✔Is during IVC when MV closes
✔✔S2 heart sound - ✔✔Is during IVR when AOV or semilunar valve closes
✔✔Isovolumic contraction - ✔✔Early systole when ventricles contract with no vol
change
✔✔VTI - ✔✔Represents how far the blood travels in cm with each ejection
✔✔Dp/dT - ✔✔Measures LV systolic function from MR
✔✔Preload - ✔✔is the end diastolic volume that stretches the right or left ventricle of the
heart to its greatest dimensions
✔✔Afterload - ✔✔Is the ventricular pressure at the end of systole. It determines the
tension the myocardium must generate.
✔✔Frank starling law - ✔✔Cardiac function curve.
✔✔Sa node - ✔✔Pacemaker- special neuromyocardial cells and has the highest intrisic
rate of any cardiac tissue
UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Diastolic blow - ✔✔The classic regurg murmur
✔✔Hemoptysis - ✔✔Bloody sputum
✔✔Ms murmur - ✔✔Diastolic rumble
✔✔Subvalvular - ✔✔Aka infundibular. Below any valve
✔✔Rheumatic fever - ✔✔Is a complication of strep throat infection. May result in scar
tissue forming on AOV.
✔✔endocarditis - ✔✔Infection of hearts inner lining usually involves heart valves
✔✔Sterilization - ✔✔Is the elimination of all transmissible agents such a viruses and
bacteria
✔✔Disinfection - ✔✔Only removes the organism that can cause disease and removed
by disinfectant
✔✔Pathogens or infectious agents - ✔✔Are biological agents that cause disease or
illness to its host
✔✔Autoclave - ✔✔Heat sterilization/ 121c or 250f
✔✔Chemical sterilization - ✔✔Used for fiber optics, electrics and plastics
✔✔Ethylene oxide - ✔✔Used for objects that cannot survive over 60c
✔✔Low frequency - ✔✔Better penetration
✔✔High frequency - ✔✔Better resolution
✔✔Fundamental imaging - ✔✔Transmit and receive at the same time
✔✔Harmonic imaging - ✔✔Transmit at one frequency and receive at the second
harmonic....twice the transmit freq
✔✔Angiography - ✔✔Contrast medium inj. While cineangiography film records results
✔✔Oximetry - ✔✔Measures O2 saturation
, ✔✔Oxygenated blood - ✔✔Starts in the pulmonary veins and continues at the end of
the systemic arteries. 95% saturated
✔✔Deoxygenated blood - ✔✔Starts in the systemic veins and continues to the
pulmonary arteries
✔✔Systemic ciirculation - ✔✔Carries o2 blood from the heart to the body and returns
deoxygenated blood to the heart
✔✔Pulmonary circulation - ✔✔Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the
lungs and returns o2 blood back to the heart
✔✔Arteries - ✔✔Are elastic and thick walled. They expand during systole and recoil
during diastole
✔✔Veins - ✔✔Thin walled, collapsable
✔✔P wave - ✔✔Is depolarization of atria
✔✔QRS - ✔✔depolarization of ventricles
✔✔T wave - ✔✔Repolarization of ventricles
✔✔S1 heart sound - ✔✔Is during IVC when MV closes
✔✔S2 heart sound - ✔✔Is during IVR when AOV or semilunar valve closes
✔✔Isovolumic contraction - ✔✔Early systole when ventricles contract with no vol
change
✔✔VTI - ✔✔Represents how far the blood travels in cm with each ejection
✔✔Dp/dT - ✔✔Measures LV systolic function from MR
✔✔Preload - ✔✔is the end diastolic volume that stretches the right or left ventricle of the
heart to its greatest dimensions
✔✔Afterload - ✔✔Is the ventricular pressure at the end of systole. It determines the
tension the myocardium must generate.
✔✔Frank starling law - ✔✔Cardiac function curve.
✔✔Sa node - ✔✔Pacemaker- special neuromyocardial cells and has the highest intrisic
rate of any cardiac tissue
