AC-HPAT BIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS ALL CORRECT
How viruses affect host cells and how treated? - Answer- · When it comes into contact
with a host cell, a virus can insert its genetic material into its host, literally taking over
the host's functions. An infected cell produces more viral protein and genetic material
instead of its usual products.
· For most viral infections, treatments can only help with symptoms while you wait for
your immune system to fight off the virus. Antibiotics do not work for viral infections.
There are antiviral medicines to treat some viral infections. Vaccines can help prevent
you from getting many viral diseases.
How bacteria affect host cells and how treated? - Answer- · Bacterial pathogens operate
by attacking crucial intracellular pathways in their hosts. These pathogens usually target
more than one intracellular pathway and often interact at several points in each of these
pathways to commandeer them fully.
· Many human illnesses are caused by infection with either bacteria or viruses. Most
bacterial diseases can be treated with antibiotics, although antibiotic-resistant strains
are starting to emerge.
How fungi affect host cells and how treated? - Answer- · Fungi and fungal-like microbes
known as oomycetes produce effector molecules that penetrate cells and switch off the
host's defense system. Once the host's immune system has been disabled, the fungus
or oomycete swiftly follows up, breaking and entering the cell and unleashing disease
· Fungi can be difficult to kill. For skin and nail infections, you can apply medicine
directly to the infected area. Oral antifungal medicines are also available for serious
infections.
Haploid - Answer- Haploid is the term used when a cell has half the usual number of
chromosomes. A normal eukaryotic gamete organism is composed of diploid cells, one
set of chromosomes from each parent. However, after meiosis, the number of
chromosomes in gametes is halved.
Diploid - Answer- The term diploid refers to a cell or an organism that has two sets of
chromosomes
Heterozygous - Answer- An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Homozygous - Answer- An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
, Hemophilia - Answer- bleeding disorder that slows the blood clotting process. People
with this condition experience prolonged bleeding or oozing following an injury, surgery,
or having a tooth pulled.
Gametes - Answer- Gametes are the cells used during sexual reproduction to produce a
new individual organism or zygote. The male gamete, sperm, is a smaller, mobile cell
that meets up with the much larger and less mobile female gamete, egg or ova. Both
sperm and egg are only haploid cells. They only carry half of the chromosomes needed.
Ultraviolet radiation - Answer- Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation or light
having a wavelength greater than 100 nm but less than 400 nm. ... Ultraviolet radiation
has a wavelength longer than that of x-rays but shorter than that of visible light.
Carcinogen - Answer- A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that
promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer. This may be due to the ability to
damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes
Pancreas and Type 1 diabetes - Answer- The pancreas is the organ that produces
insulin, and it plays a major role in regulating blood glucose levels. Type 1 diabetes
occurs when the pancreas does not make enough or any insulin.
How does insulin work in diabetes? - Answer- Insulin pumps are small, computerized
devices that mimic the way the human pancreas works by delivering small doses of
short acting insulin continuously (basal rate). The device also is used to deliver variable
amounts of insulin when a meal is eaten (bolus)
chemotherapy - Answer- Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful
chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is most often used to
treat cancer, since cancer cells grow and multiply much more quickly than most cells in
the body. It targets cells that grow and divide quickly, as cancer cells do. Unlike
radiation or surgery, which target specific areas, chemo can work throughout your body.
But it can also affect some fast-growing healthy cells, like those of the skin, hair,
intestines, and bone marrow.
How can stem cells be used in the treatment of leukemia? And how effective is it? -
Answer- Stem cell transplant replaces the leukemia cells in your bone marrow with new
ones that make blood. Your doctor can get the new stem cells from your own body or
from a donor. Stem cell transplantation is effective against leukemia. In many cases,
however, the transferred immune cells of the donor also attack the recipients' healthy
tissue—often with fatal consequences. ... Stem cell therapy offers people suffering from
leukemia or bone-marrow cancer the chance of full recovery.
Why is laser technology more effective than conventional surgery in removing
cancerous tumours? - Answer- Lasers are more precise than standard surgical tools
(scalpels), so they do less damage to normal tissues. As a result, patients usually have
AND ANSWERS ALL CORRECT
How viruses affect host cells and how treated? - Answer- · When it comes into contact
with a host cell, a virus can insert its genetic material into its host, literally taking over
the host's functions. An infected cell produces more viral protein and genetic material
instead of its usual products.
· For most viral infections, treatments can only help with symptoms while you wait for
your immune system to fight off the virus. Antibiotics do not work for viral infections.
There are antiviral medicines to treat some viral infections. Vaccines can help prevent
you from getting many viral diseases.
How bacteria affect host cells and how treated? - Answer- · Bacterial pathogens operate
by attacking crucial intracellular pathways in their hosts. These pathogens usually target
more than one intracellular pathway and often interact at several points in each of these
pathways to commandeer them fully.
· Many human illnesses are caused by infection with either bacteria or viruses. Most
bacterial diseases can be treated with antibiotics, although antibiotic-resistant strains
are starting to emerge.
How fungi affect host cells and how treated? - Answer- · Fungi and fungal-like microbes
known as oomycetes produce effector molecules that penetrate cells and switch off the
host's defense system. Once the host's immune system has been disabled, the fungus
or oomycete swiftly follows up, breaking and entering the cell and unleashing disease
· Fungi can be difficult to kill. For skin and nail infections, you can apply medicine
directly to the infected area. Oral antifungal medicines are also available for serious
infections.
Haploid - Answer- Haploid is the term used when a cell has half the usual number of
chromosomes. A normal eukaryotic gamete organism is composed of diploid cells, one
set of chromosomes from each parent. However, after meiosis, the number of
chromosomes in gametes is halved.
Diploid - Answer- The term diploid refers to a cell or an organism that has two sets of
chromosomes
Heterozygous - Answer- An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Homozygous - Answer- An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
, Hemophilia - Answer- bleeding disorder that slows the blood clotting process. People
with this condition experience prolonged bleeding or oozing following an injury, surgery,
or having a tooth pulled.
Gametes - Answer- Gametes are the cells used during sexual reproduction to produce a
new individual organism or zygote. The male gamete, sperm, is a smaller, mobile cell
that meets up with the much larger and less mobile female gamete, egg or ova. Both
sperm and egg are only haploid cells. They only carry half of the chromosomes needed.
Ultraviolet radiation - Answer- Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation or light
having a wavelength greater than 100 nm but less than 400 nm. ... Ultraviolet radiation
has a wavelength longer than that of x-rays but shorter than that of visible light.
Carcinogen - Answer- A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that
promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer. This may be due to the ability to
damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes
Pancreas and Type 1 diabetes - Answer- The pancreas is the organ that produces
insulin, and it plays a major role in regulating blood glucose levels. Type 1 diabetes
occurs when the pancreas does not make enough or any insulin.
How does insulin work in diabetes? - Answer- Insulin pumps are small, computerized
devices that mimic the way the human pancreas works by delivering small doses of
short acting insulin continuously (basal rate). The device also is used to deliver variable
amounts of insulin when a meal is eaten (bolus)
chemotherapy - Answer- Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful
chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is most often used to
treat cancer, since cancer cells grow and multiply much more quickly than most cells in
the body. It targets cells that grow and divide quickly, as cancer cells do. Unlike
radiation or surgery, which target specific areas, chemo can work throughout your body.
But it can also affect some fast-growing healthy cells, like those of the skin, hair,
intestines, and bone marrow.
How can stem cells be used in the treatment of leukemia? And how effective is it? -
Answer- Stem cell transplant replaces the leukemia cells in your bone marrow with new
ones that make blood. Your doctor can get the new stem cells from your own body or
from a donor. Stem cell transplantation is effective against leukemia. In many cases,
however, the transferred immune cells of the donor also attack the recipients' healthy
tissue—often with fatal consequences. ... Stem cell therapy offers people suffering from
leukemia or bone-marrow cancer the chance of full recovery.
Why is laser technology more effective than conventional surgery in removing
cancerous tumours? - Answer- Lasers are more precise than standard surgical tools
(scalpels), so they do less damage to normal tissues. As a result, patients usually have
