PUBH 6011 Final Exam Questions With
Correct Answers
Understand |the |major |function |of |cells |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Cell |differentiation: |in |bone |
marrow, |adult |stem |cell |can |reproduce |and |splits |to |either |myeloid |or |lymphoid |progenitor, |
which |can |then |differentiate |into |many |kinds |of |cells
Homeostasis |and |cell |injury: |many |adverse |biological |effects |occur |when |cells |are |damaged, |
damage |can |be |to |any |part |of |the |cell, |causes |can |be |infectious |agents, |oxygen |deprivation, |
trauma, |chemicals, |nutritional |imbalances
Apoptosis |vs. |Necrosis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Apoptosis- |programmed |cell |death, |active, |
orderly |and |organized; |requires |energy |a |plan |and |enzymatic |degradation |of |proteins/dna; |
produces |neatly |packed |cell |fragments |that |are |recycled
Necrosis- |cell |damage |and |death, |passive |and |disorderly; |produces |cell |debris
Bacteria |vs |Virus |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-bacteria |
-prokaryotic |cell |
-most |are |free |living |
-relatively |large
-antibiotics |used |to |kill
| Virus
-not |a |living |cell |(genes |packaged |in |protein |shell)
-intracellular |parasite
-1/1000 |size |of |a |bacteria
,-vaccine |used |to |prevent
-antiviral |treatment
protein |synthesis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-the |formation |of |proteins |by |using |information |
contained |in |DNA |and |carried |by |mRNA
DNA |transcription |RNA |translation |protein
Role |of |DNA |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-storing |information, |copying |information, |and |
transmitting |information
Role |of |mRNA |in |protein |synthesis |(transcription) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-single |stranded |
messenger |that |carries |the |genetic |information |copied |from |DNA |in |the |form |of |a |series |of |a |
three |base |code |of |words.
Role |of |tRNA |in |protein |synthesis |(translation) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-is |the |key |to |
diciphering |the |code |words |from |mRNA
Role |of |ribosomes |in |protein |synthesis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-ribosomes |are |complexes |
made |of |ribosomal |RNA |and |protein |
ribosomes |carry |out |protein |synthesis |in |two |locations
a |minute |particle |consisting |of |RNA |and |associated |proteins |found |in |large |numbers |in |the |
cytoplasm |of |living |cells. |They |bind |messenger |RNA |and |transfer |RNA |to |synthesize |
polypeptides |and |proteins.
Explain |how |biological |and |genetic |factors |can |influence |our |response |to |environmental |
hazards |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-mutagens- |pollutants |in |the |environment |that |can |enter |the |
body |and |directly |change |your |DNA |sequence |(ex. |the |chemicals |in |cigarette |smoke |can |cause |
cancer)
, Gene-gene |interactions: |○ |occur |when |pollutants |in |the |environment |do |not |change |your |DNA
|sequence, |but |rather |cause |a |chain |reaction |that |affects |the |functioning |of |one |gene |that |
then |affects |the |functioning |of |another |gene
■ |Ex. |Regularly |drinking |way |too |much |alcohol |can |cause |the |gene |TACE |not |to |produce |
enough |of |its |protein. |TACE |protein |is |supposed |to |help |the |MTHFR |gene |make |enough |of |its |
protein. |Too |little |MTHRF |protein |changes |the |level |of |folate |in |our |blood, |and |low |folate |
levels |may |cause |depression.
○ |Transcription |factors |- |pollutants |in |the |environment |can |indirectly |affect |the |DNA |sequence |
by |altering |transcription |factors, |which |are |responsible |for |starting |the |process |of |using |genes |
to |make |proteins |that |are |needed |for |different |functions |in |the |body
■ |Ex. |stress |can |change |the |amount |of |proteins |made |by |genes |involved |in |your |immune |
system |and |therefore, |you |may |get |sick |more |easily |when |you're |stressed
○ |Epigenetics |- |the |environment |can |alter |your |health |by |affecting |the |proteins |that |turns |
genes |on |or |off
■ |Half |the |genes |that |cause |familial |or |inherited |cancer |are |turned |off |when |pollutants |in |the |
environment |affect |these |proteins. |Because |they |are |turned |off, |these |genes |cannot |suppress |
tumor |formation |or |repair |DNA
Explain |the |role |of |the |microbiome |and |its |role |in |disease |prevention |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Microbiota |→ |gut |microbiota
- Involved |in |basic |human |biological |processes
| |
- Chronic |disease |have |been |associated |with |the |human |microbiota
| |
Antibiotics |can |disrupt |microbiota
The |bacteria |in |the |microbiome |help |digest |our |food, |regulate |our |immune |system, |protect |
against |other |bacteria |that |cause |disease, |and |produce |vitamins |including |B |vitamins |B12, |
thiamine |and |riboflavin, |and |Vitamin |K, |which |is |needed |for |blood |coagulation.
Correct Answers
Understand |the |major |function |of |cells |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Cell |differentiation: |in |bone |
marrow, |adult |stem |cell |can |reproduce |and |splits |to |either |myeloid |or |lymphoid |progenitor, |
which |can |then |differentiate |into |many |kinds |of |cells
Homeostasis |and |cell |injury: |many |adverse |biological |effects |occur |when |cells |are |damaged, |
damage |can |be |to |any |part |of |the |cell, |causes |can |be |infectious |agents, |oxygen |deprivation, |
trauma, |chemicals, |nutritional |imbalances
Apoptosis |vs. |Necrosis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Apoptosis- |programmed |cell |death, |active, |
orderly |and |organized; |requires |energy |a |plan |and |enzymatic |degradation |of |proteins/dna; |
produces |neatly |packed |cell |fragments |that |are |recycled
Necrosis- |cell |damage |and |death, |passive |and |disorderly; |produces |cell |debris
Bacteria |vs |Virus |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-bacteria |
-prokaryotic |cell |
-most |are |free |living |
-relatively |large
-antibiotics |used |to |kill
| Virus
-not |a |living |cell |(genes |packaged |in |protein |shell)
-intracellular |parasite
-1/1000 |size |of |a |bacteria
,-vaccine |used |to |prevent
-antiviral |treatment
protein |synthesis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-the |formation |of |proteins |by |using |information |
contained |in |DNA |and |carried |by |mRNA
DNA |transcription |RNA |translation |protein
Role |of |DNA |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-storing |information, |copying |information, |and |
transmitting |information
Role |of |mRNA |in |protein |synthesis |(transcription) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-single |stranded |
messenger |that |carries |the |genetic |information |copied |from |DNA |in |the |form |of |a |series |of |a |
three |base |code |of |words.
Role |of |tRNA |in |protein |synthesis |(translation) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-is |the |key |to |
diciphering |the |code |words |from |mRNA
Role |of |ribosomes |in |protein |synthesis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-ribosomes |are |complexes |
made |of |ribosomal |RNA |and |protein |
ribosomes |carry |out |protein |synthesis |in |two |locations
a |minute |particle |consisting |of |RNA |and |associated |proteins |found |in |large |numbers |in |the |
cytoplasm |of |living |cells. |They |bind |messenger |RNA |and |transfer |RNA |to |synthesize |
polypeptides |and |proteins.
Explain |how |biological |and |genetic |factors |can |influence |our |response |to |environmental |
hazards |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-mutagens- |pollutants |in |the |environment |that |can |enter |the |
body |and |directly |change |your |DNA |sequence |(ex. |the |chemicals |in |cigarette |smoke |can |cause |
cancer)
, Gene-gene |interactions: |○ |occur |when |pollutants |in |the |environment |do |not |change |your |DNA
|sequence, |but |rather |cause |a |chain |reaction |that |affects |the |functioning |of |one |gene |that |
then |affects |the |functioning |of |another |gene
■ |Ex. |Regularly |drinking |way |too |much |alcohol |can |cause |the |gene |TACE |not |to |produce |
enough |of |its |protein. |TACE |protein |is |supposed |to |help |the |MTHFR |gene |make |enough |of |its |
protein. |Too |little |MTHRF |protein |changes |the |level |of |folate |in |our |blood, |and |low |folate |
levels |may |cause |depression.
○ |Transcription |factors |- |pollutants |in |the |environment |can |indirectly |affect |the |DNA |sequence |
by |altering |transcription |factors, |which |are |responsible |for |starting |the |process |of |using |genes |
to |make |proteins |that |are |needed |for |different |functions |in |the |body
■ |Ex. |stress |can |change |the |amount |of |proteins |made |by |genes |involved |in |your |immune |
system |and |therefore, |you |may |get |sick |more |easily |when |you're |stressed
○ |Epigenetics |- |the |environment |can |alter |your |health |by |affecting |the |proteins |that |turns |
genes |on |or |off
■ |Half |the |genes |that |cause |familial |or |inherited |cancer |are |turned |off |when |pollutants |in |the |
environment |affect |these |proteins. |Because |they |are |turned |off, |these |genes |cannot |suppress |
tumor |formation |or |repair |DNA
Explain |the |role |of |the |microbiome |and |its |role |in |disease |prevention |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Microbiota |→ |gut |microbiota
- Involved |in |basic |human |biological |processes
| |
- Chronic |disease |have |been |associated |with |the |human |microbiota
| |
Antibiotics |can |disrupt |microbiota
The |bacteria |in |the |microbiome |help |digest |our |food, |regulate |our |immune |system, |protect |
against |other |bacteria |that |cause |disease, |and |produce |vitamins |including |B |vitamins |B12, |
thiamine |and |riboflavin, |and |Vitamin |K, |which |is |needed |for |blood |coagulation.
