FAD 3220 ACTUAL 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+
✔✔Friendship - ✔✔- Stage 1 (4-7 years): Children see friends as like themselves, as
people to share toys and activities with. Do not take personal traits into account.
- Stage 2 (8-10 years): Children begin to take other's personal qualities and traits into
consideration. Friends are viewed in terms of kinds of rewards they provide. Based on
mutual trust.
- Stage 3 (11-15 years): Friendships become based on intimacy and loyalty. Involve
mutual disclosure and exclusivity.
✔✔High Status Children - ✔✔Form friendship with high status kids, more likely to form
exclusive cliques. Tend to play with more kids and have greater access to resources.
✔✔Low Status Children - ✔✔Form friendship with low status kids, play with less kids
and are more likely to play with younger or less popular kids. Tend to follow the lead of
higher status kids.
✔✔Bullying - ✔✔90% of kids report being bullied. There are different types of bullying,
such as: verbal, physical, relational, and cyberbullying. Loners who are fairly passive,
often cry easily, lack the social skills that might otherwise defuse a bullying situation.
✔✔Families with Gay Parents - ✔✔1-5 million U.S. families headed by lesbian or gay
parents. Possibility of discrimination and prejudice.
✔✔Puberty - ✔✔Begins when pituitary gland in the brain signals other glands to
produce androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) at adult level.
✔✔Female Puberty - ✔✔Starts at 11 or 12. Influenced by the environment.
✔✔Male Puberty - ✔✔Starts at 13 or 14. Organs begin to grow around age 12 and
reach adult size 3 or 4 years later. Enlargement of prostate gland and seminal vesicles.
Spermarche (first ejaculation) around age 13.
✔✔Primary Sex Characteristics - ✔✔Associated with the development of the organs
and body structures related directly to reproduction. Testes in males. Ovaries in
females.
✔✔Secondary Sex Characteristics - ✔✔Visible signs of sexual maturity that do not
involve the sex organs directly. Breast and pubic hair in girls. Pubic and facial hair in
boys.
✔✔Bulimia - ✔✔Binge eating followed by purging.
, ✔✔Anorexia - ✔✔Starvation to maintain low weight.
✔✔Brain Development and Prefrontal Cortex - ✔✔Children able to assert themselves.
Greater independence. Prefrontal cortex shows considerable development but is still
immature. That causes risky behaviors and impulse control.
✔✔Binge Drinking - ✔✔5 or more drinks in one sitting for males.
4 or more drinks in one sitting for females.
Impacts bingers and non-bingers. Brain scans show that it causes damaged tissue. No
specific reason for it.
✔✔Formal Operational Stage - ✔✔Piaget. 12+ years. The ability to think abstractly,
hypothetically, and systematically. Development of logic-reasoning that uses abstract
logic in the absence of concrete examples.
✔✔Information Processing - ✔✔Attention, memory, information processing speed,
organizational strategies, and metacognition.
✔✔Metacognition - ✔✔Improves during adolescence. Thinks about one's own thoughts,
self-consciousness. Monitors own learning processes more efficiently.
✔✔Adolescent Egocentrism - ✔✔A state of self-absorption in which the world is seen as
focused on oneself.
- Imaginary audience: belief that everyone is judging or watching them.
- Personal fable: sense of uniqueness and invincibility
✔✔Self Concept in Adolescence - ✔✔View broadens; more abstract and differentiated
understanding of the self. More organized and coherent. Views self in terms of traits and
multiple aspects.
✔✔Self Esteem in Adolescence - ✔✔Increasingly accurate in understanding self.
Fluctuates; influenced by peers, academics, appearance.
✔✔Identity vs Identity Confusion (Erikson) - ✔✔Identity: Appropriate identity that sets
foundation for future psychosocial development.
Confusion: Sense of self is "diffuse" with adoption of socially unacceptable roles.
High societal pressures during this stage.
Adolescents explore roles and values to form a stable identity; failure leads to
confusion.
✔✔Psychological Moratorium - ✔✔Experimentation period. Some benefits but not
available to all adolescents.
✔✔Marcia's 4 Categories of Adolescent Development - ✔✔1. Identity Achievement
(Present): Explored and committed.
GRADED A+
✔✔Friendship - ✔✔- Stage 1 (4-7 years): Children see friends as like themselves, as
people to share toys and activities with. Do not take personal traits into account.
- Stage 2 (8-10 years): Children begin to take other's personal qualities and traits into
consideration. Friends are viewed in terms of kinds of rewards they provide. Based on
mutual trust.
- Stage 3 (11-15 years): Friendships become based on intimacy and loyalty. Involve
mutual disclosure and exclusivity.
✔✔High Status Children - ✔✔Form friendship with high status kids, more likely to form
exclusive cliques. Tend to play with more kids and have greater access to resources.
✔✔Low Status Children - ✔✔Form friendship with low status kids, play with less kids
and are more likely to play with younger or less popular kids. Tend to follow the lead of
higher status kids.
✔✔Bullying - ✔✔90% of kids report being bullied. There are different types of bullying,
such as: verbal, physical, relational, and cyberbullying. Loners who are fairly passive,
often cry easily, lack the social skills that might otherwise defuse a bullying situation.
✔✔Families with Gay Parents - ✔✔1-5 million U.S. families headed by lesbian or gay
parents. Possibility of discrimination and prejudice.
✔✔Puberty - ✔✔Begins when pituitary gland in the brain signals other glands to
produce androgens (male hormones) or estrogens (female hormones) at adult level.
✔✔Female Puberty - ✔✔Starts at 11 or 12. Influenced by the environment.
✔✔Male Puberty - ✔✔Starts at 13 or 14. Organs begin to grow around age 12 and
reach adult size 3 or 4 years later. Enlargement of prostate gland and seminal vesicles.
Spermarche (first ejaculation) around age 13.
✔✔Primary Sex Characteristics - ✔✔Associated with the development of the organs
and body structures related directly to reproduction. Testes in males. Ovaries in
females.
✔✔Secondary Sex Characteristics - ✔✔Visible signs of sexual maturity that do not
involve the sex organs directly. Breast and pubic hair in girls. Pubic and facial hair in
boys.
✔✔Bulimia - ✔✔Binge eating followed by purging.
, ✔✔Anorexia - ✔✔Starvation to maintain low weight.
✔✔Brain Development and Prefrontal Cortex - ✔✔Children able to assert themselves.
Greater independence. Prefrontal cortex shows considerable development but is still
immature. That causes risky behaviors and impulse control.
✔✔Binge Drinking - ✔✔5 or more drinks in one sitting for males.
4 or more drinks in one sitting for females.
Impacts bingers and non-bingers. Brain scans show that it causes damaged tissue. No
specific reason for it.
✔✔Formal Operational Stage - ✔✔Piaget. 12+ years. The ability to think abstractly,
hypothetically, and systematically. Development of logic-reasoning that uses abstract
logic in the absence of concrete examples.
✔✔Information Processing - ✔✔Attention, memory, information processing speed,
organizational strategies, and metacognition.
✔✔Metacognition - ✔✔Improves during adolescence. Thinks about one's own thoughts,
self-consciousness. Monitors own learning processes more efficiently.
✔✔Adolescent Egocentrism - ✔✔A state of self-absorption in which the world is seen as
focused on oneself.
- Imaginary audience: belief that everyone is judging or watching them.
- Personal fable: sense of uniqueness and invincibility
✔✔Self Concept in Adolescence - ✔✔View broadens; more abstract and differentiated
understanding of the self. More organized and coherent. Views self in terms of traits and
multiple aspects.
✔✔Self Esteem in Adolescence - ✔✔Increasingly accurate in understanding self.
Fluctuates; influenced by peers, academics, appearance.
✔✔Identity vs Identity Confusion (Erikson) - ✔✔Identity: Appropriate identity that sets
foundation for future psychosocial development.
Confusion: Sense of self is "diffuse" with adoption of socially unacceptable roles.
High societal pressures during this stage.
Adolescents explore roles and values to form a stable identity; failure leads to
confusion.
✔✔Psychological Moratorium - ✔✔Experimentation period. Some benefits but not
available to all adolescents.
✔✔Marcia's 4 Categories of Adolescent Development - ✔✔1. Identity Achievement
(Present): Explored and committed.
