MCB4271 AMR Exam 2 Questions With Correct
Answers
Clinical |resistance |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Multiple |factors |such |as |type |of |bacteria, |infection |
site, |antibiotic |pharmacokinetics, |and |the |immune |response |affecting |clinical |outcomes |of |
antibiotic |treatment.
Minimun |inhibitory |concentration |(MIC) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-A |minimum |concentration |of |
an |antibiotic |required |to |completely |inhibit |bacterial |growth.
Clinical |Resistance: |Non-toxic |drug |concentration |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |most |effective |
treatment |of |bacterial |infections |is |when |the |antibiotic |MIC |is |non-toxic |to |humans.
Clinical |Resistance: |Toxic |drug |concentration |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Administration |of |toxic |
concentration |of |drugs |into |patients |are |made |on |individual |basis |and |the |benefits |of |the |
treatment |must |outweigh |the |risk.
The |clinical |ecosystem |has |a |_____ |selection |pressure
a. |High
b. |Medium
c. |Low |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-A
Environmental |ecosystem |has |a |_____ |selection |pressure
a. |High
,b. |Medium
c. |Low |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-C
The |non-clinical |ecosystem |has |a |_______ |selection |pressure
a. |High
b. |Medium
c. |Low |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-B
Chain |and |Abraham |(1940) |noticed |what? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-B.coli |released |an |anti-
antibiotic |enzyme |in |culture.
T/F |Bacteria |naturally |develop |counter-attack |mechanisms |against |other |microbes |that |are |
trying |to |kill |them. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-True
____________ |________ |___________ |accelerates |bacteria |to |acquire |resistance |and |lead |to |
life-threatening |infections. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-High |selective |pressure
Intrinsic |resistance: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |Nat'ly |occuring |resistance |to |antibiotics
- |The |outer |memb |of |G(-) |bact |makes |them |more |resistant |to |more |antibiotics |than |G(+)
- |Bact |that |nat'ly |produce |antibiotics |have |an |intrinsic |ability |to |defend |themselves
Acquired |resistance: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |Genetic |mutations
- |Acquisition |of |mobile |elements |carrying |antibiotic |resistant |genes
- |Poses |highest |risk
,WHO |antibiotic |classification |Criterion |1 |(C1) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |antimicrobial |class |
is |the |sole, |or |one |of |limited |available |therapies, |to |treat |serious |bacterial |infections |in |people
WHO |antibiotic |classification |Criterion |2 |(C2) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |antimicrobial |class |
is |used |to |treat |infection |in |people |cause |by |either:
- |bacteria |that |may |be |transmitted |to |humans |from |nonhuman |sources |OR
- |bacteria |that |may |acquire |resistance |genes |from |nonhuman |sources
Critically |important: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Antimicrobial |classes |which |meet |both |C1 |and |C2
|are |termed |critically |important |for |human |medicine.
Highly |important: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Antimicrobial |classes |which |meet |either |C1 |or |C2 |
are |termed |highly |important |for |human |medicine.
Important: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Antimicrobial |classes |used |in |humans |which |meet |neither |
C1 |nor |C2 |are |termed |important |for |human |medicine.
WHO |antibiotic |prioritization: |P1 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-High |absolute |number |of |people, |or |
high |proportion |of |use |in |patients |with |serious |infections |in |health |care |settings |affected |by |
bacterial |diseases |for |which |the |antimicrobial |class |is |the |sole |or |one |of |few |alternatives |to |
treat |serious |infection |in |humans
WHO |antibiotic |prioritization: |P2 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-High |frequency |of |use |of |the |
antimicrobial |class |for |any |indication |in |human |medicine, |or |else |high |proportion |of |use |in |
patients |with |serious |infections |in |health |care |settings, |since |use |may |favor |selection |of |
resistance |in |both |settings.
WHO |antibiotic |prioritization: |P3 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |antimicrobial |class |is |used |to |
treat |infections |in |people |for |which |there |is |evidence |of |transmission |of |resistant |bacteria |
(e.g., |non-typhoidal |Salmonella
, and |Campylobacter |spp.) |or |resistance |genes |(high |for |E. |coli |and |Enterococcus |spp.) |from |
non-
human |sources.
Highest |priority: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Three |out |of |three |Prioritization |Criteria |(P1, |P2, |P3)
High |priority: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Two |out |of |three |Prioritization |Criteria
Critically |important |antimicrobials: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |Cephalosporins |(3rd, |4th, |5th |
gen)
- |Glycopeptides
- |Macrolides |and |ketolides |
- |Polymyxins
- |Quinolones
Enzymatic |degradation: |Linearization |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Cutting
Enzymatic |degradation: |Hydrolysis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-β-lactamases
Enzymatic |modification: |Nucleotidylation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Additional |of |nucleotides
Enzymatic |modification: |Phosphorylation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Phosphate |group |addition
Enzymatic |modification: |Glycosylation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Attachment |of |a |carbohydrate
Enzymatic |modification: |Acylation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Addition |of |the |acyl |(RCO-) |group
Answers
Clinical |resistance |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Multiple |factors |such |as |type |of |bacteria, |infection |
site, |antibiotic |pharmacokinetics, |and |the |immune |response |affecting |clinical |outcomes |of |
antibiotic |treatment.
Minimun |inhibitory |concentration |(MIC) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-A |minimum |concentration |of |
an |antibiotic |required |to |completely |inhibit |bacterial |growth.
Clinical |Resistance: |Non-toxic |drug |concentration |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |most |effective |
treatment |of |bacterial |infections |is |when |the |antibiotic |MIC |is |non-toxic |to |humans.
Clinical |Resistance: |Toxic |drug |concentration |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Administration |of |toxic |
concentration |of |drugs |into |patients |are |made |on |individual |basis |and |the |benefits |of |the |
treatment |must |outweigh |the |risk.
The |clinical |ecosystem |has |a |_____ |selection |pressure
a. |High
b. |Medium
c. |Low |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-A
Environmental |ecosystem |has |a |_____ |selection |pressure
a. |High
,b. |Medium
c. |Low |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-C
The |non-clinical |ecosystem |has |a |_______ |selection |pressure
a. |High
b. |Medium
c. |Low |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-B
Chain |and |Abraham |(1940) |noticed |what? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-B.coli |released |an |anti-
antibiotic |enzyme |in |culture.
T/F |Bacteria |naturally |develop |counter-attack |mechanisms |against |other |microbes |that |are |
trying |to |kill |them. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-True
____________ |________ |___________ |accelerates |bacteria |to |acquire |resistance |and |lead |to |
life-threatening |infections. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-High |selective |pressure
Intrinsic |resistance: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |Nat'ly |occuring |resistance |to |antibiotics
- |The |outer |memb |of |G(-) |bact |makes |them |more |resistant |to |more |antibiotics |than |G(+)
- |Bact |that |nat'ly |produce |antibiotics |have |an |intrinsic |ability |to |defend |themselves
Acquired |resistance: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |Genetic |mutations
- |Acquisition |of |mobile |elements |carrying |antibiotic |resistant |genes
- |Poses |highest |risk
,WHO |antibiotic |classification |Criterion |1 |(C1) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |antimicrobial |class |
is |the |sole, |or |one |of |limited |available |therapies, |to |treat |serious |bacterial |infections |in |people
WHO |antibiotic |classification |Criterion |2 |(C2) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |antimicrobial |class |
is |used |to |treat |infection |in |people |cause |by |either:
- |bacteria |that |may |be |transmitted |to |humans |from |nonhuman |sources |OR
- |bacteria |that |may |acquire |resistance |genes |from |nonhuman |sources
Critically |important: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Antimicrobial |classes |which |meet |both |C1 |and |C2
|are |termed |critically |important |for |human |medicine.
Highly |important: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Antimicrobial |classes |which |meet |either |C1 |or |C2 |
are |termed |highly |important |for |human |medicine.
Important: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Antimicrobial |classes |used |in |humans |which |meet |neither |
C1 |nor |C2 |are |termed |important |for |human |medicine.
WHO |antibiotic |prioritization: |P1 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-High |absolute |number |of |people, |or |
high |proportion |of |use |in |patients |with |serious |infections |in |health |care |settings |affected |by |
bacterial |diseases |for |which |the |antimicrobial |class |is |the |sole |or |one |of |few |alternatives |to |
treat |serious |infection |in |humans
WHO |antibiotic |prioritization: |P2 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-High |frequency |of |use |of |the |
antimicrobial |class |for |any |indication |in |human |medicine, |or |else |high |proportion |of |use |in |
patients |with |serious |infections |in |health |care |settings, |since |use |may |favor |selection |of |
resistance |in |both |settings.
WHO |antibiotic |prioritization: |P3 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |antimicrobial |class |is |used |to |
treat |infections |in |people |for |which |there |is |evidence |of |transmission |of |resistant |bacteria |
(e.g., |non-typhoidal |Salmonella
, and |Campylobacter |spp.) |or |resistance |genes |(high |for |E. |coli |and |Enterococcus |spp.) |from |
non-
human |sources.
Highest |priority: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Three |out |of |three |Prioritization |Criteria |(P1, |P2, |P3)
High |priority: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Two |out |of |three |Prioritization |Criteria
Critically |important |antimicrobials: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |Cephalosporins |(3rd, |4th, |5th |
gen)
- |Glycopeptides
- |Macrolides |and |ketolides |
- |Polymyxins
- |Quinolones
Enzymatic |degradation: |Linearization |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Cutting
Enzymatic |degradation: |Hydrolysis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-β-lactamases
Enzymatic |modification: |Nucleotidylation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Additional |of |nucleotides
Enzymatic |modification: |Phosphorylation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Phosphate |group |addition
Enzymatic |modification: |Glycosylation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Attachment |of |a |carbohydrate
Enzymatic |modification: |Acylation |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Addition |of |the |acyl |(RCO-) |group
