MCB4271 Exam 1 Questions With Correct
Answers
True |or |False: |All |antibacterial |drugs |are |antibiotics. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-False
When |was |the |first |antibiotic |discovered? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1928
Antimicrobial |resistance |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |ability |of |a |microbe |to |stop |an |
antimicrobial |from |working |against |it, |resulting |in |standard |treatments |becoming |ineffective |
and |infections |becoming |persistent.
What |types |of |organisms |can |cause |AMR? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Bacteria, |fungi, |viruses, |
parasites, |pests, |weeds
What's |a |type |of |"resistance" |found |in |humans? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Cancers |being |
resistant |to |chemotherapy
Community-acquired |infection |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Infection |acquired |in |the |community |
(gym, |subway, |classroom, |etc.), |not |in |a |hospital
Nosocomial |infections |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Hospital |acquired |infections |(nursing |home, |
clinic, |etc.)
Most |AMR |infections |are |___. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Community-acquired
Most |deaths |due |to |AMR |infections |are |___. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Nosocomial
,AMR |occurs |___. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Naturally
AMR |leads |to: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Longer |hospital |stays, |higher |medical |costs, |increased |
mortality
Describe |the |trend |in |percentage |of |ABR |infections. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Annually, |the |
number |of |bacterial |infections |stays |pretty |constant; |percentage |of |ABR |infections |keeps |
increasing.
How |does |ABR |lead |to |higher |medical |costs? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Cost |of |prescription |
antibiotics
2. |Prolonged |hospital |stays
3. |Additional |diagnostics/lab |tests
4. |Need |to |hire |specialists
Describe |the |relationship |between |numbers |of |resistant |bacteria |and |numbers |of |novel |
antibiotics. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Resistant |bacteria |- |increasing
Antibiotics |- |almost |0
How |long |does |it |take |for |an |antibiotic |to |develop |clinical |resistance? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
8 |years
What |are |7 |major |factors |contributing |to |AMR |in |healthcare? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |
Misuse |of |antibiotics
2. |Use |of |antibiotics |in |healthcare
3. |Lack |of |antibiotics |(untreated |person |with |resistant |bacteria |poses |a |risk |to |others)
4. |Poor |sanitation/personal |hygiene
,5. |Inadequate |infection |controls |in |healthcare |settings
6. |Limiting |exposure |to |microbes
7. |Antimicrobials |in |personal |hygiene |products
What |are |3 |factors |contributing |to |antibiotic |misuse? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Underuse |- |
not |finishing |prescriptions
2. |Use |- |using |antibiotics |increases |risks |for |other |infections |(e.g., |C. |diff)
3. |Overuse |- |25 |to |75% |prescriptions; |given |when |not |needed, |continued |when |not |necessary, |
wrong |dose, |wrong |antibiotic
Describe |how |population |growth |leads |to |antibiotic |resistance. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Increase |in |global |population |--> |increase |in |food |demand |--> |increased |animal |farming |--> |
increased |disease |transmission |on |farms |--> |increased |use |of |antibiotics |--> |increased |ABR |--> |
increased |probability |of |humans |encountering |low |levels |of |antibiotics |--> |increased |ABR
What |are |2 |reasons |for |antibiotics |being |used |for |farming? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Growth
|promoters |- |either |inhibit |gut |bacteria, |which |leads |to |increased |energy |uptake, |or |kill |
pathogenic |bacteria, |resulting |in |more |energy |for |growth
2. |Infection |control |- |cheaper |than |hygiene |controls
When |were |antibiotics |approved |for |use |as |growth |promoters |in |poultry, |beef, |and |pork |
industries? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1951
How |much |of |the |antibiotics |in |the |US |are |used |for |animals? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-70%
What |is |the |leading |driver |of |ABR? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Antibiotics |used |in |agriculture
Multilocus |sequence |typing |(MLST) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-A |method |of |identifying |bacterial |
isolates |by |directly |measuring |the |DNA |sequence |variation |in |housekeeping |genes
, E. |faecalis |ST16 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Gentamicin-resistant |strains |detected |in |pig |
populations |in |Denmark; |later, |2 |patients |had |community-acquired |infections |and |died.
The |study |found |that |what |3 |things |can |be |spread |on |the |wind? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Antibiotics, |bacteria, |and |resistance |genes
4 |consequences |of |antibiotic |use |in |farm |animals |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Enhanced |
development |of |resistance |to |antibiotics
2. |Transmission |of |resistant |bacteria |to |humans
3. |Contamination |of |the |environment |by |air |particulates |that |carry |antibiotics, |resistance |
genes, |and |bacteria
4. |Emergence |of |novel |antibiotic |resistance |mechanisms
5 |consequences |of |antibiotic |use |in |farm |animals |on |human |health |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1.
|Increased |morbidity/mortality
2. |Reduced |efficacy |of |human |antibiotics
3. |Increased |healthcare |costs
4. |Increased |potential |for |global |spread |of |resistance
5. |Facilitated |emergence |of |resistance |in |human |pathogens
True |or |False: |The |FDA |banned |the |use |of |antibiotics |as |growth |promoters. |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-True
2 |reasons |that |it's |difficult |to |eliminate |antibiotic |use |on |farms |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |
Very |easy, |uncontrolled |access
2. |Loss |of |money |to |farms/farming |companies/pharmaceuticals
Answers
True |or |False: |All |antibacterial |drugs |are |antibiotics. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-False
When |was |the |first |antibiotic |discovered? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1928
Antimicrobial |resistance |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |ability |of |a |microbe |to |stop |an |
antimicrobial |from |working |against |it, |resulting |in |standard |treatments |becoming |ineffective |
and |infections |becoming |persistent.
What |types |of |organisms |can |cause |AMR? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Bacteria, |fungi, |viruses, |
parasites, |pests, |weeds
What's |a |type |of |"resistance" |found |in |humans? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Cancers |being |
resistant |to |chemotherapy
Community-acquired |infection |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Infection |acquired |in |the |community |
(gym, |subway, |classroom, |etc.), |not |in |a |hospital
Nosocomial |infections |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Hospital |acquired |infections |(nursing |home, |
clinic, |etc.)
Most |AMR |infections |are |___. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Community-acquired
Most |deaths |due |to |AMR |infections |are |___. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Nosocomial
,AMR |occurs |___. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Naturally
AMR |leads |to: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Longer |hospital |stays, |higher |medical |costs, |increased |
mortality
Describe |the |trend |in |percentage |of |ABR |infections. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Annually, |the |
number |of |bacterial |infections |stays |pretty |constant; |percentage |of |ABR |infections |keeps |
increasing.
How |does |ABR |lead |to |higher |medical |costs? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Cost |of |prescription |
antibiotics
2. |Prolonged |hospital |stays
3. |Additional |diagnostics/lab |tests
4. |Need |to |hire |specialists
Describe |the |relationship |between |numbers |of |resistant |bacteria |and |numbers |of |novel |
antibiotics. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Resistant |bacteria |- |increasing
Antibiotics |- |almost |0
How |long |does |it |take |for |an |antibiotic |to |develop |clinical |resistance? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
8 |years
What |are |7 |major |factors |contributing |to |AMR |in |healthcare? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |
Misuse |of |antibiotics
2. |Use |of |antibiotics |in |healthcare
3. |Lack |of |antibiotics |(untreated |person |with |resistant |bacteria |poses |a |risk |to |others)
4. |Poor |sanitation/personal |hygiene
,5. |Inadequate |infection |controls |in |healthcare |settings
6. |Limiting |exposure |to |microbes
7. |Antimicrobials |in |personal |hygiene |products
What |are |3 |factors |contributing |to |antibiotic |misuse? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Underuse |- |
not |finishing |prescriptions
2. |Use |- |using |antibiotics |increases |risks |for |other |infections |(e.g., |C. |diff)
3. |Overuse |- |25 |to |75% |prescriptions; |given |when |not |needed, |continued |when |not |necessary, |
wrong |dose, |wrong |antibiotic
Describe |how |population |growth |leads |to |antibiotic |resistance. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Increase |in |global |population |--> |increase |in |food |demand |--> |increased |animal |farming |--> |
increased |disease |transmission |on |farms |--> |increased |use |of |antibiotics |--> |increased |ABR |--> |
increased |probability |of |humans |encountering |low |levels |of |antibiotics |--> |increased |ABR
What |are |2 |reasons |for |antibiotics |being |used |for |farming? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Growth
|promoters |- |either |inhibit |gut |bacteria, |which |leads |to |increased |energy |uptake, |or |kill |
pathogenic |bacteria, |resulting |in |more |energy |for |growth
2. |Infection |control |- |cheaper |than |hygiene |controls
When |were |antibiotics |approved |for |use |as |growth |promoters |in |poultry, |beef, |and |pork |
industries? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1951
How |much |of |the |antibiotics |in |the |US |are |used |for |animals? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-70%
What |is |the |leading |driver |of |ABR? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Antibiotics |used |in |agriculture
Multilocus |sequence |typing |(MLST) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-A |method |of |identifying |bacterial |
isolates |by |directly |measuring |the |DNA |sequence |variation |in |housekeeping |genes
, E. |faecalis |ST16 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Gentamicin-resistant |strains |detected |in |pig |
populations |in |Denmark; |later, |2 |patients |had |community-acquired |infections |and |died.
The |study |found |that |what |3 |things |can |be |spread |on |the |wind? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Antibiotics, |bacteria, |and |resistance |genes
4 |consequences |of |antibiotic |use |in |farm |animals |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Enhanced |
development |of |resistance |to |antibiotics
2. |Transmission |of |resistant |bacteria |to |humans
3. |Contamination |of |the |environment |by |air |particulates |that |carry |antibiotics, |resistance |
genes, |and |bacteria
4. |Emergence |of |novel |antibiotic |resistance |mechanisms
5 |consequences |of |antibiotic |use |in |farm |animals |on |human |health |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1.
|Increased |morbidity/mortality
2. |Reduced |efficacy |of |human |antibiotics
3. |Increased |healthcare |costs
4. |Increased |potential |for |global |spread |of |resistance
5. |Facilitated |emergence |of |resistance |in |human |pathogens
True |or |False: |The |FDA |banned |the |use |of |antibiotics |as |growth |promoters. |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-True
2 |reasons |that |it's |difficult |to |eliminate |antibiotic |use |on |farms |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |
Very |easy, |uncontrolled |access
2. |Loss |of |money |to |farms/farming |companies/pharmaceuticals
