2025/2026 Adult Echocardiography
Board Review
Which valve separates the areas of greatest pressure
differences? - Mitral valve
Where does the LAD lie? - In the anterior interventricular groove
(sulcus).
What service does the epicardial fat pad provide for the heart? -
Protects the main coronaries.
Which aortic leaflet is the superior one in the PLAX? - Right
coronary cusp
From the left parasternal window which of the following are you
most likely to get accurate velocity measurements?
A. LVOT
B. Aortic stenosis
C. Pulmonary artery
D. Mitral regurgitation - C. Pulmonary artery
,Which tricuspid leaflets are shown in the parasternal RVIF view?
- Posterior and anterior
Where is the LAA seen on TTE? - Sometimes PSAX AoV level
Usually better in Apical 2
What do the coronary arteries come off of? - Sinuses of
Valsalva
During which phase do the coronaries fill? - Early diastole
What are the four aortic artery measurements? - 1. Aortic valve
annulus
2. Aortic sinuses
3. Aortic sinotubular junction
4. Ascending aorta
Normal values: LVIDd - Men: 4.2-5.8cm
Women: 3.8-5.2cm
,Normal values: LVIDs - Men: 2.4-4cm
Women: 2.2-3.5cm
Normal values: IVSd & LVPWd - Men: 0.6-1cm
Women: 0.5-0.9cm
Normal values: LAs area - <=20cm^2
Normal values: LAs dimension - Men: 3-4cm
Women: 2.7-3.8cm
Normal values: LAs volume - 16-34mL
If a patient is younger (<40yo) with anomolous coronaries, what
type of symptoms may be seen? - 1. DOE
2. Exercise-induced angina
How much of a cardiac cycle is accounted for by diastole? - 2/3
, What is another term for apical 2 chamber? - Vertical long axis
(VLA)
What is another term for apical 4 chamber? - Horizontal long
axis (HLA)
The best images of the ascending aorta are often obtained from
which transducer window? - Suprasternal
What cardiac pathology is associated with bicuspid aortic
valves? - Aortic coarctation
What are two ways of describing where aortic coarctations most
often occur? - 1. After the take-off of the left subclavian artery
2. Within the aortic isthmus
Which pulmonary veins are seen in the Apical 4 chamber? -
Lower pulmonary veins.
Which pulmonary veins are seen in the Apical 5 chamber? -
Upper pulmonary veins.
Board Review
Which valve separates the areas of greatest pressure
differences? - Mitral valve
Where does the LAD lie? - In the anterior interventricular groove
(sulcus).
What service does the epicardial fat pad provide for the heart? -
Protects the main coronaries.
Which aortic leaflet is the superior one in the PLAX? - Right
coronary cusp
From the left parasternal window which of the following are you
most likely to get accurate velocity measurements?
A. LVOT
B. Aortic stenosis
C. Pulmonary artery
D. Mitral regurgitation - C. Pulmonary artery
,Which tricuspid leaflets are shown in the parasternal RVIF view?
- Posterior and anterior
Where is the LAA seen on TTE? - Sometimes PSAX AoV level
Usually better in Apical 2
What do the coronary arteries come off of? - Sinuses of
Valsalva
During which phase do the coronaries fill? - Early diastole
What are the four aortic artery measurements? - 1. Aortic valve
annulus
2. Aortic sinuses
3. Aortic sinotubular junction
4. Ascending aorta
Normal values: LVIDd - Men: 4.2-5.8cm
Women: 3.8-5.2cm
,Normal values: LVIDs - Men: 2.4-4cm
Women: 2.2-3.5cm
Normal values: IVSd & LVPWd - Men: 0.6-1cm
Women: 0.5-0.9cm
Normal values: LAs area - <=20cm^2
Normal values: LAs dimension - Men: 3-4cm
Women: 2.7-3.8cm
Normal values: LAs volume - 16-34mL
If a patient is younger (<40yo) with anomolous coronaries, what
type of symptoms may be seen? - 1. DOE
2. Exercise-induced angina
How much of a cardiac cycle is accounted for by diastole? - 2/3
, What is another term for apical 2 chamber? - Vertical long axis
(VLA)
What is another term for apical 4 chamber? - Horizontal long
axis (HLA)
The best images of the ascending aorta are often obtained from
which transducer window? - Suprasternal
What cardiac pathology is associated with bicuspid aortic
valves? - Aortic coarctation
What are two ways of describing where aortic coarctations most
often occur? - 1. After the take-off of the left subclavian artery
2. Within the aortic isthmus
Which pulmonary veins are seen in the Apical 4 chamber? -
Lower pulmonary veins.
Which pulmonary veins are seen in the Apical 5 chamber? -
Upper pulmonary veins.
