Page 1 of 33
BIOD 210 GENETICS FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2026
ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALL
ANSWERED {150 Q & A} ALREADY GRADED A+ |
BRAND NEW! | 100% GUARANTEED PASS
What are chromatids? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > one of two identical
"sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
What does the result of a complementation cross tell you about
the genetic basis of some mutant phenotype in two individuals? -
✔✔✔ Correct Answer > If complementation occurs, this suggests that
the mutations were on different genes; If during a
complementation cross the F1 progeny is all wild-type,
complementation is occurring
How does meiosis differ between males and females? - ✔✔✔
Correct Answer > Meiosis in males makes four sperm, while meiosis
in females makes one egg and three polar bodies. This is so the
extra chromosomes have a place to go. Polar bodies eventually
disenegrate.
,Page 2 of 33
What phenotypic ratio is associated with gene interactions? - ✔✔✔
Correct Answer > If the genes are linked, we anticipate a 9:3:3:1
phenotypic ratio
What are the 4 phases of the cell cycle? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > G1, S,
G2, Mitosis
What is the purpose of Mitosis? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > cell
regeneration, growth, and asexual reproduction
What is the purpose of Meiosis? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > produce
gametes for sexual reproduction
What are histones? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > Proteins that pack DNA
into condensed formed; Because eukaryotic DNA is so long,
histones help provide structural support by compacting the DNA
How does acetylation/deacetylation help package and unpackage
DNA along nucleosomes? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > When acetyl groups
are added to cytosine, this makes the chromatin more compact
(heterochromatin)
When deacetylase removes these acetyl groups, this makes the
chromatin less compact (euchromatin)
,Page 3 of 33
Why are heterochromatin inaccessible for transcription? - ✔✔✔
Correct Answer > heterochromatin are densely packed so they are
too compact for DNA Polymerase 3 to access the DNA. Thus, the
template strand can not be accessed for transcription
What is the Central Dogma? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > DNA (replication)
-> RNA (transcription) -> Protein (translation)
What are the names and function of the three basic elements of a
gene? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > promoter- where initiation begins; the
sigma factor binds to a strand of DNA and clips and untwists to
make a transcription bubble)
RNA-coding sequence- the sequence that actually gets
transcribed; 3'-5' strand
terminator- marks the end of a gene
What ingredients are necessary for RNA transcription in
prokaryotes? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > RNA Polymerase (A holoenzyme
the binds and unwinds DNA via its sigma factor), initiation
factors,
Where does transcription occur? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > the
endoplasmic reticulum via ribosomes
, Page 4 of 33
What direction is RNA polymerized? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > RNA is
polymerized in a 5' to 3' direction
Describe the differences between the template strand and the
non-coding strand in transcription for prokaryotes (including the
5' and 3' orientation of both) - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > The non-coding
template strand is in a 5'-3' direction and is ignored during
transcription
The template strand is in the 3'-5' direction and is used to
synthesize the transcript
What are the two types of terminators used in prokaryotic
transcription? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > Rho-dependent : Rho helicase
gets added to the transcript and clips the RNA
Rho-independent : no helicase added; C-G regions loop such that
the RNA polymerase can no longer fit on the strand, causing it to
dissociate
What are the differences between prokaryotic replication and
transcription? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > Replication yields DNA strand
while Transcription yields an RNA molecule
BIOD 210 GENETICS FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2026
ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALL
ANSWERED {150 Q & A} ALREADY GRADED A+ |
BRAND NEW! | 100% GUARANTEED PASS
What are chromatids? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > one of two identical
"sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
What does the result of a complementation cross tell you about
the genetic basis of some mutant phenotype in two individuals? -
✔✔✔ Correct Answer > If complementation occurs, this suggests that
the mutations were on different genes; If during a
complementation cross the F1 progeny is all wild-type,
complementation is occurring
How does meiosis differ between males and females? - ✔✔✔
Correct Answer > Meiosis in males makes four sperm, while meiosis
in females makes one egg and three polar bodies. This is so the
extra chromosomes have a place to go. Polar bodies eventually
disenegrate.
,Page 2 of 33
What phenotypic ratio is associated with gene interactions? - ✔✔✔
Correct Answer > If the genes are linked, we anticipate a 9:3:3:1
phenotypic ratio
What are the 4 phases of the cell cycle? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > G1, S,
G2, Mitosis
What is the purpose of Mitosis? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > cell
regeneration, growth, and asexual reproduction
What is the purpose of Meiosis? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > produce
gametes for sexual reproduction
What are histones? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > Proteins that pack DNA
into condensed formed; Because eukaryotic DNA is so long,
histones help provide structural support by compacting the DNA
How does acetylation/deacetylation help package and unpackage
DNA along nucleosomes? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > When acetyl groups
are added to cytosine, this makes the chromatin more compact
(heterochromatin)
When deacetylase removes these acetyl groups, this makes the
chromatin less compact (euchromatin)
,Page 3 of 33
Why are heterochromatin inaccessible for transcription? - ✔✔✔
Correct Answer > heterochromatin are densely packed so they are
too compact for DNA Polymerase 3 to access the DNA. Thus, the
template strand can not be accessed for transcription
What is the Central Dogma? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > DNA (replication)
-> RNA (transcription) -> Protein (translation)
What are the names and function of the three basic elements of a
gene? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > promoter- where initiation begins; the
sigma factor binds to a strand of DNA and clips and untwists to
make a transcription bubble)
RNA-coding sequence- the sequence that actually gets
transcribed; 3'-5' strand
terminator- marks the end of a gene
What ingredients are necessary for RNA transcription in
prokaryotes? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > RNA Polymerase (A holoenzyme
the binds and unwinds DNA via its sigma factor), initiation
factors,
Where does transcription occur? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > the
endoplasmic reticulum via ribosomes
, Page 4 of 33
What direction is RNA polymerized? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > RNA is
polymerized in a 5' to 3' direction
Describe the differences between the template strand and the
non-coding strand in transcription for prokaryotes (including the
5' and 3' orientation of both) - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > The non-coding
template strand is in a 5'-3' direction and is ignored during
transcription
The template strand is in the 3'-5' direction and is used to
synthesize the transcript
What are the two types of terminators used in prokaryotic
transcription? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > Rho-dependent : Rho helicase
gets added to the transcript and clips the RNA
Rho-independent : no helicase added; C-G regions loop such that
the RNA polymerase can no longer fit on the strand, causing it to
dissociate
What are the differences between prokaryotic replication and
transcription? - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > Replication yields DNA strand
while Transcription yields an RNA molecule
