AQA A Level Biology
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AQA A-Level Biology AQA A-level Biology AQA A-Level Biology Topic 1: Biologi... AQA A
109 terms 148 terms 94 terms Teacher
sconlon16 Preview Amina_19 Preview ukvoltaire Preview Rajj
Terms in this set (950)
what are killer t-cells? - cytotoxic cells
- bind to non-self antigens
how to killer t-cells work? 1. virus attaches to and enters host cell
2. viral DNA causes host cell to express viral antigens on its surface
3. killer t-cells attaches to viral antigens on infected cells
4. killer t-cells induces death of infected cell (apoptosis)
what is apoptosis? programmed cell death
how do killer t-cells destroy cancer? - cancerous = mutations
- mutations = abnormal antigens
- killer t-cell binds to abnormal antigens
- killer t-cells induces death of cancerous cell
What does perforin do? creates holes in the cell membranes in order to destroy the infected cell
what do helper t-cells do? - produce cytokines
- cytokines stimulate b-cells to divide into plasma and memory cells
- activate killer t-cells
define helper t-cells help humoral response by involvement in the maturation of b-cells and by
triggering the production of antibodies by b-cells
what do suppressor t-cells do? - halt immune response
- prevent wastage of energy and resources
- prevent overactive immune response
- causes reduction of white blood cells after being ill
, define memory t-cells work in the same way as memory b-cells, ensuring rapid response on subsequent
exposure to the same non-self antigens
define suppressor t-cells regulate the immune response by suppressing activity of killer t-cells and b-cells
define 'microorganism' organism that is too small to be seen without a microscope
define 'pathogen' microorganism that causes disease
outline phagocytosis 1. phagocyte follows conc gradient of chemoattractants
2. phagocyte attaches to pathogen
3. pathogen engulfed and placed in a vesicle (phagosome)
4. lysosomes migrate to phagosome and bind with it to form a phagolysosome
--> lytic enzymes released from lysosome
5. pathogen digested
6. useful parts absorbed
7. all waste products released by exocytosis
8. non-self antigens of the pathogen displayed on the phagocytes surface
(antigen-presenting)
where are t-cells made? thymus gland
where do b-cells mature? bone marrow
what do b-cells do? - humoral response
- release antibodies
- complementary to a specific antigen
what response are plasma cells? primary
what response are memory b-cells? secondary
outline the humoral response 1. antigen attaches to complementary antibody on b-cell
2. antigen taken into cell (endocytosis)
3. presented on cell surface membrane
4. t-helper cells bind to antigen and stimulate b-cell to divide
what does mitosis do in humoral response? - forms clones of b-cells (plasma and memory)
- clonal response
what do clones do? each clone can produce one type of antibody (monoclonal) which can be used in
medicine
outline plasma cells - primary response
- secrete antibodies
- only survive for a few day
- slow response = person gets ill before pathogen is killed
9 studiers today 4.3 (31 reviews)
Save
Students also studied
AQA A-Level Biology AQA A-level Biology AQA A-Level Biology Topic 1: Biologi... AQA A
109 terms 148 terms 94 terms Teacher
sconlon16 Preview Amina_19 Preview ukvoltaire Preview Rajj
Terms in this set (950)
what are killer t-cells? - cytotoxic cells
- bind to non-self antigens
how to killer t-cells work? 1. virus attaches to and enters host cell
2. viral DNA causes host cell to express viral antigens on its surface
3. killer t-cells attaches to viral antigens on infected cells
4. killer t-cells induces death of infected cell (apoptosis)
what is apoptosis? programmed cell death
how do killer t-cells destroy cancer? - cancerous = mutations
- mutations = abnormal antigens
- killer t-cell binds to abnormal antigens
- killer t-cells induces death of cancerous cell
What does perforin do? creates holes in the cell membranes in order to destroy the infected cell
what do helper t-cells do? - produce cytokines
- cytokines stimulate b-cells to divide into plasma and memory cells
- activate killer t-cells
define helper t-cells help humoral response by involvement in the maturation of b-cells and by
triggering the production of antibodies by b-cells
what do suppressor t-cells do? - halt immune response
- prevent wastage of energy and resources
- prevent overactive immune response
- causes reduction of white blood cells after being ill
, define memory t-cells work in the same way as memory b-cells, ensuring rapid response on subsequent
exposure to the same non-self antigens
define suppressor t-cells regulate the immune response by suppressing activity of killer t-cells and b-cells
define 'microorganism' organism that is too small to be seen without a microscope
define 'pathogen' microorganism that causes disease
outline phagocytosis 1. phagocyte follows conc gradient of chemoattractants
2. phagocyte attaches to pathogen
3. pathogen engulfed and placed in a vesicle (phagosome)
4. lysosomes migrate to phagosome and bind with it to form a phagolysosome
--> lytic enzymes released from lysosome
5. pathogen digested
6. useful parts absorbed
7. all waste products released by exocytosis
8. non-self antigens of the pathogen displayed on the phagocytes surface
(antigen-presenting)
where are t-cells made? thymus gland
where do b-cells mature? bone marrow
what do b-cells do? - humoral response
- release antibodies
- complementary to a specific antigen
what response are plasma cells? primary
what response are memory b-cells? secondary
outline the humoral response 1. antigen attaches to complementary antibody on b-cell
2. antigen taken into cell (endocytosis)
3. presented on cell surface membrane
4. t-helper cells bind to antigen and stimulate b-cell to divide
what does mitosis do in humoral response? - forms clones of b-cells (plasma and memory)
- clonal response
what do clones do? each clone can produce one type of antibody (monoclonal) which can be used in
medicine
outline plasma cells - primary response
- secrete antibodies
- only survive for a few day
- slow response = person gets ill before pathogen is killed
