PCS EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
physiology - Answers -study of body function occurring at an intermediate level
between that of the cell and that of the whole organism.
How is regulation achieved? - Answers -Internal Control Systems
Plasma/Blood Plasma - Answers -liquid, extracellular, non-cellular component of the
blood
Plasma Membrane - Answers -membrane surrounding each cell
Controlled Variable - Answers -system variable that is measure & controlled
Sensor - Answers -measures the current value of the controlled variable, output from
the sensor enters the controller, measures the current value of the output variable
Comparator - Answers -subtracts the value of the set point of the system from the
current value of the controlled variable as measured by the sensor to produce an error
signal
Set Point - Answers -value of controlled variable that system attempts to achieve
Error Signal - Answers -value of subtraction performed by the comparator, tells us how
far away the value of controlled variable is from set point
Actuating Signal - Answers -output of the controller that produces adaptive changes in
the effector
Effector - Answers -acts to modify the value of the controlled variable (bring it closer to
the set point) if necessary
Examples of 'open loop' diseases - Answers -Type I & II diabetes
Steady State - Answers -when the controlled variable is near the steady state for a
reasonable amount of time // error signal is close to 0 for a reasonable amount of time
Extracellular Fluid - Answers -fluid outside surrounding each cell, internal environment
of the body
Homeostasis - Answers -regulation of the body's internal environment
Agonist - Answers -molecule that when it binds to a receptor activates it
, Antagonist - Answers -molecule that when it binds to a receptor DOES NOT activate it,
prevents binding of agonist, prevents normal response
GPCR - Answers -G-protein coupled receptor, 7TM receptor
PTH - Answers -parathyroid hormone, protein, secreted by the parathyroid gland,
critical to control of Ca2+ concentration of plasma, serves as a type of actuating signal
PTHR - Answers -parathyroid hormone receptor, a GPCR for which PTH is the agonist
CaSR - Answers -Calcium-sensing receptor, a GPCR for which Ca2+ is the agonist,
when active lowers probability of release of PTH
1,25 (OH)2 D - Answers -active form of vitamin D, hydroxylated twice, steroid hormone
that can pass through membranes
VDR - Answers -vitamin D receptor, nuclear membrane recpetor, active form of vitamin
D is its agonist
output variable - Answers -variable whose value is changed when the output of the
effector is changed, it may or may not be well controlled
plateau - Answers -specific to positive feedback, max value of output variable that can
be produced by the effector
threshold - Answers -specific to positive feedback, system property of the loop, value is
dependent on all parameters of the system, <plateau
oxytocin (OXT) - Answers -critical protein hormone of childbirth, actuating signal
OXTRs - Answers -GPCR, 7TM, activation results in contraction, in cells of the uterine
walls
Transport - Answers -physical and chemical properties that regulate the movement of
substances in the body
3 Features of transport - Answers -1. pressure (F/A)
2. Diffusion due to conc. gradients
3. electrical charge
Bulk Flow - Answers -response of liquids & gases to differential pressures
Coloumbic Forces - Answers -1. + & + Repel
2. - & - Repel
3. + & - Attract
physiology - Answers -study of body function occurring at an intermediate level
between that of the cell and that of the whole organism.
How is regulation achieved? - Answers -Internal Control Systems
Plasma/Blood Plasma - Answers -liquid, extracellular, non-cellular component of the
blood
Plasma Membrane - Answers -membrane surrounding each cell
Controlled Variable - Answers -system variable that is measure & controlled
Sensor - Answers -measures the current value of the controlled variable, output from
the sensor enters the controller, measures the current value of the output variable
Comparator - Answers -subtracts the value of the set point of the system from the
current value of the controlled variable as measured by the sensor to produce an error
signal
Set Point - Answers -value of controlled variable that system attempts to achieve
Error Signal - Answers -value of subtraction performed by the comparator, tells us how
far away the value of controlled variable is from set point
Actuating Signal - Answers -output of the controller that produces adaptive changes in
the effector
Effector - Answers -acts to modify the value of the controlled variable (bring it closer to
the set point) if necessary
Examples of 'open loop' diseases - Answers -Type I & II diabetes
Steady State - Answers -when the controlled variable is near the steady state for a
reasonable amount of time // error signal is close to 0 for a reasonable amount of time
Extracellular Fluid - Answers -fluid outside surrounding each cell, internal environment
of the body
Homeostasis - Answers -regulation of the body's internal environment
Agonist - Answers -molecule that when it binds to a receptor activates it
, Antagonist - Answers -molecule that when it binds to a receptor DOES NOT activate it,
prevents binding of agonist, prevents normal response
GPCR - Answers -G-protein coupled receptor, 7TM receptor
PTH - Answers -parathyroid hormone, protein, secreted by the parathyroid gland,
critical to control of Ca2+ concentration of plasma, serves as a type of actuating signal
PTHR - Answers -parathyroid hormone receptor, a GPCR for which PTH is the agonist
CaSR - Answers -Calcium-sensing receptor, a GPCR for which Ca2+ is the agonist,
when active lowers probability of release of PTH
1,25 (OH)2 D - Answers -active form of vitamin D, hydroxylated twice, steroid hormone
that can pass through membranes
VDR - Answers -vitamin D receptor, nuclear membrane recpetor, active form of vitamin
D is its agonist
output variable - Answers -variable whose value is changed when the output of the
effector is changed, it may or may not be well controlled
plateau - Answers -specific to positive feedback, max value of output variable that can
be produced by the effector
threshold - Answers -specific to positive feedback, system property of the loop, value is
dependent on all parameters of the system, <plateau
oxytocin (OXT) - Answers -critical protein hormone of childbirth, actuating signal
OXTRs - Answers -GPCR, 7TM, activation results in contraction, in cells of the uterine
walls
Transport - Answers -physical and chemical properties that regulate the movement of
substances in the body
3 Features of transport - Answers -1. pressure (F/A)
2. Diffusion due to conc. gradients
3. electrical charge
Bulk Flow - Answers -response of liquids & gases to differential pressures
Coloumbic Forces - Answers -1. + & + Repel
2. - & - Repel
3. + & - Attract
