NURS 3366 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔aneuploidy - ✔✔alterations to the number of chromosomes
✔✔polysomy - ✔✔more than the usual number of chromosomes
✔✔down's syndrome - ✔✔trisomy 21
✔✔example of alterations to the structure of chromosomes - ✔✔Philadelphia
chromosome, a translocation that results in a shortened chromosome
✔✔example of an autosomal recessive disorder - ✔✔sickle cell anemia caused by an
abnormal recessive allele that codes from sickle shaped hemoglobin resulting in sickle
shaped RBCs incapable of correctly carrying hemoglobin
✔✔anemia - ✔✔less than the normal amount of RBCs
✔✔S&S of sickle cell anemia - ✔✔SOB, weakness and fatigue due to less oxygen,
anemia, ischemic pain in the joints where abnormal RBCs build up
✔✔example of autosomal dominant disorders - ✔✔polycystic kidney disease, mutated
gene coding for kidney tissue causes cysts to develop and reduce kidney function and
leads to kidney failure.
✔✔S&S of PKD - ✔✔hematuria, proteinuria, frequent kidney infections, pain at
costovertebral angles and abdomen, kidney stones
✔✔example of a sex-linked disorder - ✔✔hemophilia, caused by a mutation on the X
chromosome, mutates coagulation factors resulting in an altered ability to clot
✔✔hypoxia - ✔✔decrease in the amount of oxygen to cells or ability to use oxygen
appropriately
✔✔positive side to anaerobic glycolysis - ✔✔it can give 2 molecules of
ATP per molecule of glucose, temporary
✔✔negative side to anaerobic glycolysis - ✔✔2 ATP molecules are not enough, pyruvic
acid (pyruvate) build up resulting in acidosis
✔✔two main sequela of hypoxia - ✔✔deficiency of ATP and alter acid/base balance
✔✔hormones triggered by low glucose - ✔✔epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone and
glucagon
, ✔✔Gluconeogenesis - ✔✔use of other substances besides carbohydrates for cellular
energy, breaking down fats and proteins for energy
✔✔Mcardle's disease - ✔✔a glycogen storage autosomal recessive disease where
normal ability to breakdown glycogen is diminished
S&S include sucre weakness and cramps during exercise because of no energy
reserves
✔✔type 1 diabetes - ✔✔gluconeogenesis to the extreme, do not make insulin so
glucose is unable to get into the cells and glycogen is eventually used up , there is high
levels of ketones in the blood and low blood pH
✔✔hyperketonemia - ✔✔high levels of serum ketones, low blood pH, ketonuria,
acetone breath
✔✔Thiamine deficiencies - ✔✔beriberi, vitamina B1, can lead to Wernicke-Korsakoff
syndrome and paresthesia
✔✔Wernike-Korsakoff syndrome - ✔✔associated with alcoholics and manifests as
memory loss and ataxia (staggering)
✔✔paresthesia - ✔✔numbness or tingling or other unusual sensations, usually in the
legs
✔✔cyanide poisoning - ✔✔found in insecticides, burning wool and silk and certain
drugs, inhibits cytochrome oxidase
S&S include headache, adaptation, confusion, vomiting, respiratory problems and death
✔✔RMP when a cell is resting between contractions - ✔✔about -90mV
✔✔the charge needed to do work - ✔✔+30mV
✔✔if the RMP is reset to a more positive number than normal it will shorten the polar
status - ✔✔hypopolarization
✔✔if the RMP is reset to a less positive number than normal, it will lengthen the polar
status - ✔✔hyperpolarization
✔✔hypopolarized states - ✔✔situations in which membranes have been reset to a more
positive number than normal, shortening the polar gap status and making them more
sensitive
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔aneuploidy - ✔✔alterations to the number of chromosomes
✔✔polysomy - ✔✔more than the usual number of chromosomes
✔✔down's syndrome - ✔✔trisomy 21
✔✔example of alterations to the structure of chromosomes - ✔✔Philadelphia
chromosome, a translocation that results in a shortened chromosome
✔✔example of an autosomal recessive disorder - ✔✔sickle cell anemia caused by an
abnormal recessive allele that codes from sickle shaped hemoglobin resulting in sickle
shaped RBCs incapable of correctly carrying hemoglobin
✔✔anemia - ✔✔less than the normal amount of RBCs
✔✔S&S of sickle cell anemia - ✔✔SOB, weakness and fatigue due to less oxygen,
anemia, ischemic pain in the joints where abnormal RBCs build up
✔✔example of autosomal dominant disorders - ✔✔polycystic kidney disease, mutated
gene coding for kidney tissue causes cysts to develop and reduce kidney function and
leads to kidney failure.
✔✔S&S of PKD - ✔✔hematuria, proteinuria, frequent kidney infections, pain at
costovertebral angles and abdomen, kidney stones
✔✔example of a sex-linked disorder - ✔✔hemophilia, caused by a mutation on the X
chromosome, mutates coagulation factors resulting in an altered ability to clot
✔✔hypoxia - ✔✔decrease in the amount of oxygen to cells or ability to use oxygen
appropriately
✔✔positive side to anaerobic glycolysis - ✔✔it can give 2 molecules of
ATP per molecule of glucose, temporary
✔✔negative side to anaerobic glycolysis - ✔✔2 ATP molecules are not enough, pyruvic
acid (pyruvate) build up resulting in acidosis
✔✔two main sequela of hypoxia - ✔✔deficiency of ATP and alter acid/base balance
✔✔hormones triggered by low glucose - ✔✔epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone and
glucagon
, ✔✔Gluconeogenesis - ✔✔use of other substances besides carbohydrates for cellular
energy, breaking down fats and proteins for energy
✔✔Mcardle's disease - ✔✔a glycogen storage autosomal recessive disease where
normal ability to breakdown glycogen is diminished
S&S include sucre weakness and cramps during exercise because of no energy
reserves
✔✔type 1 diabetes - ✔✔gluconeogenesis to the extreme, do not make insulin so
glucose is unable to get into the cells and glycogen is eventually used up , there is high
levels of ketones in the blood and low blood pH
✔✔hyperketonemia - ✔✔high levels of serum ketones, low blood pH, ketonuria,
acetone breath
✔✔Thiamine deficiencies - ✔✔beriberi, vitamina B1, can lead to Wernicke-Korsakoff
syndrome and paresthesia
✔✔Wernike-Korsakoff syndrome - ✔✔associated with alcoholics and manifests as
memory loss and ataxia (staggering)
✔✔paresthesia - ✔✔numbness or tingling or other unusual sensations, usually in the
legs
✔✔cyanide poisoning - ✔✔found in insecticides, burning wool and silk and certain
drugs, inhibits cytochrome oxidase
S&S include headache, adaptation, confusion, vomiting, respiratory problems and death
✔✔RMP when a cell is resting between contractions - ✔✔about -90mV
✔✔the charge needed to do work - ✔✔+30mV
✔✔if the RMP is reset to a more positive number than normal it will shorten the polar
status - ✔✔hypopolarization
✔✔if the RMP is reset to a less positive number than normal, it will lengthen the polar
status - ✔✔hyperpolarization
✔✔hypopolarized states - ✔✔situations in which membranes have been reset to a more
positive number than normal, shortening the polar gap status and making them more
sensitive
